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Skel rad A > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

last bone to ossify

A

clavicle

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2
Q

which germ layer is bone formed?

A

mesodermal tissue

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3
Q

Long bones begin as _____ cartilage in the fetus

A

hyaline

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4
Q

primary center of ossification

A

diaphysis

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5
Q

secondary center of ossification

A

epiphysis

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6
Q

increases diameter of bone and involved in late bones

A

intramembranous ossification

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7
Q

bones ossified in membrane

A

parietal bonetemporal boneupper occipital squamosa frontal bone

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8
Q

endochondral ossification primarysecondary

A

primary- cartilaginous from mesenchymal cells transforms to bone (lengthens bone)secondary-occurs in the epiphyses and apophyses (growth plates)

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9
Q

apophysis

A

secondary growth centsresults in protuberance/attachment sites

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10
Q

enthesis

A

highly vascularized site of attachment of tendons and ligamentshigh metabolic activity

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11
Q

growth plates in infant

A

little blood supply through growth plate

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12
Q

growth plates in chile

A

no blood supply crossing growth plates

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13
Q

growth plates in adult

A

no growth plates

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14
Q

where bone is lengthened in growth plates

A

zone of proliferation

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15
Q

where do Salter-Harris fractures occur?

A

zone of hypertrophy (open growth plates)

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16
Q

Bone ___% mineral

A

70

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17
Q

Bone ___% organic

A

30

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18
Q

80% of bone mass is

A

compact bone

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19
Q

bone marrow converts to fat ____ to ____

A

distal, proximal

20
Q

red marrow is hematopoietically ____

A

active (yellow marrow is inactive)

21
Q

yellow bone marrow has more _____ than red

A

fat

22
Q

calcium:phosphorus

A

2:1

23
Q

calcium deposition is controlled by

A

mechanical stressVitamin Dparathormonetrace mineralsalkaline phosphatase

24
Q

functions of parathormone

A
  1. stimulate and control rate of bone remodeling2. influence mechanisms governing control of plasma level of calcium
25
Q

direct effects of parathormone on bone

A

promotes osteoclastic resorption

26
Q

direct effect of parathormone on kidney

A

stimulates Calcium absorption from glomerular fluid

27
Q

indirect effect of parathormone on intestines

A

influences rate of Calcium absorption

28
Q

low serum calcium causes

A

release of parathormone, take calcium from bone for cellular metabolism

29
Q

increases in serum calcium stimulate the release of ______ and inactivates bone resorption and osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

30
Q

regulates intestinal absorption of mineral and maintain skeletal growth and mineralization

A

Vitamin D

31
Q

C.A.T.B.I.T.E.S.

A

C - CongenitalA - ArthritisT - TraumaB - Blood (hematological)I - InfectionT - TumorE - Endocrine,nutritional,metabS - Soft Tissue

32
Q

GEOGRAPHIC LYTIC LESION

A

Destructive lesionSharp bordersLess aggressiveSlow growing, benignNarrow zone of transition

33
Q

MOTH-EATEN LYTIC LESION

A

DestructiveRagged bordersMore rapid growthMay be malignant2-5mm diameter

34
Q

PERMEATIVE LYTIC LESION

A

Ill-defined“worm-holes”Wide zone of transitionImplies aggressive malignancy

35
Q

OSTEOBLASTIC LESION

A

Aka osteogenicRefers to a lesion that produces new bone where it should not

36
Q

Wide zone of transition

A

difficult to ascertain where the lesion starts and stops

37
Q

Narrow zone of transition

A

sharp margins

38
Q

SHARP OR “SHORT ZONE OF TRANSITION”

A

benign

39
Q

POORLY DEFINED OR “LONG ZONE OF TRANSITION

A

infection or malignant

40
Q

Cortex destroyed (eroded or penetrated)

A

Infection or Malignant tumour

41
Q

Cortex intact

A

usually a good sign

42
Q

Cortex expanded

A

benign or malignant

43
Q

Periosteal Response/Reaction

A

Is the new bone formation stimulated by inflammation, break, tear or stretching of the periosteum

44
Q

lamellated or “onion-skin”

A

lesion grows fast and unevenly layers of ossified, concentric shells (periosteum has enough time to lay bone down)

45
Q

sunburst” or “hair-on-end”

A

will not have enough time to lay down even a thin shell of bone. tiny fibers that connect the periosteum to the bone (Sharpey’s fibers) become stretched out perpendicular to the bone

46
Q

lest to most aggressive

A

solidlaminatedsunburstcodman’s

Skel rad A (2 decks)

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