midterm

Question 1

last bone to ossify

Answer 1

clavicle

Question 2

which germ layer is bone formed?

Answer 2

mesodermal tissue

Question 3

Long bones begin as _____ cartilage in the fetus

Answer 3

hyaline

Question 4

primary center of ossification

Answer 4

diaphysis

Question 5

secondary center of ossification

Answer 5

epiphysis

Question 6

increases diameter of bone and involved in late bones

Answer 6

intramembranous ossification

Question 7

bones ossified in membrane

Answer 7

parietal bonetemporal boneupper occipital squamosa frontal bone

Question 8

endochondral ossification primarysecondary

Answer 8

primary- cartilaginous from mesenchymal cells transforms to bone (lengthens bone)secondary-occurs in the epiphyses and apophyses (growth plates)

Question 9

apophysis

Answer 9

secondary growth centsresults in protuberance/attachment sites

Question 10

enthesis

Answer 10

highly vascularized site of attachment of tendons and ligamentshigh metabolic activity

Question 11

growth plates in infant

Answer 11

little blood supply through growth plate

Question 12

growth plates in chile

Answer 12

no blood supply crossing growth plates

Question 13

growth plates in adult

Answer 13

no growth plates

Question 14

where bone is lengthened in growth plates

Answer 14

zone of proliferation

Question 15

where do Salter-Harris fractures occur?

Answer 15

zone of hypertrophy (open growth plates)

Question 16

Bone ___% mineral

Answer 16

70

Question 17

Bone ___% organic

Answer 17

30

Question 18

80% of bone mass is

Answer 18

compact bone

Question 19

bone marrow converts to fat ____ to ____

Answer 19

distal, proximal

Question 20

red marrow is hematopoietically ____

Answer 20

active (yellow marrow is inactive)

Question 21

yellow bone marrow has more _____ than red

Answer 21

fat

Question 22

calcium:phosphorus

Answer 22

2:1

Question 23

calcium deposition is controlled by

Answer 23

mechanical stressVitamin Dparathormonetrace mineralsalkaline phosphatase

Question 24

functions of parathormone

Answer 24

1. stimulate and control rate of bone remodeling2. influence mechanisms governing control of plasma level of calcium

Question 25

direct effects of parathormone on bone

Answer 25

promotes osteoclastic resorption

Question 26

direct effect of parathormone on kidney

Answer 26

stimulates Calcium absorption from glomerular fluid

Question 27

indirect effect of parathormone on intestines

Answer 27

influences rate of Calcium absorption

Question 28

low serum calcium causes

Answer 28

release of parathormone, take calcium from bone for cellular metabolism

Question 29

increases in serum calcium stimulate the release of ______ and inactivates bone resorption and osteoclasts

Answer 29

calcitonin

Question 30

regulates intestinal absorption of mineral and maintain skeletal growth and mineralization

Answer 30

Vitamin D

Question 31

C.A.T.B.I.T.E.S.

Answer 31

C - CongenitalA - ArthritisT - TraumaB - Blood (hematological)I - InfectionT - TumorE - Endocrine,nutritional,metabS - Soft Tissue

Question 32

GEOGRAPHIC LYTIC LESION

Answer 32

Destructive lesionSharp bordersLess aggressiveSlow growing, benignNarrow zone of transition

Question 33

MOTH-EATEN LYTIC LESION

Answer 33

DestructiveRagged bordersMore rapid growthMay be malignant2-5mm diameter

Question 34

PERMEATIVE LYTIC LESION

Answer 34

Ill-defined“worm-holes”Wide zone of transitionImplies aggressive malignancy

Question 35

OSTEOBLASTIC LESION

Answer 35

Aka osteogenicRefers to a lesion that produces new bone where it should not

Question 36

Wide zone of transition

Answer 36

difficult to ascertain where the lesion starts and stops

Question 37

Narrow zone of transition

Answer 37

sharp margins

Question 38

SHARP OR “SHORT ZONE OF TRANSITION”

Answer 38

benign

Question 39

POORLY DEFINED OR “LONG ZONE OF TRANSITION

Answer 39

infection or malignant

Question 40

Cortex destroyed (eroded or penetrated)

Answer 40

Infection or Malignant tumour

Question 41

Cortex intact

Answer 41

usually a good sign

Question 42

Cortex expanded

Answer 42

benign or malignant

Question 43

Periosteal Response/Reaction

Answer 43

Is the new bone formation stimulated by inflammation, break, tear or stretching of the periosteum

Question 44

lamellated or "onion-skin"

Answer 44

lesion grows fast and unevenly layers of ossified, concentric shells (periosteum has enough time to lay bone down)

Question 45

sunburst" or "hair-on-end"

Answer 45

will not have enough time to lay down even a thin shell of bone. tiny fibers that connect the periosteum to the bone (Sharpey's fibers) become stretched out perpendicular to the bone

Question 46

lest to most aggressive

Answer 46

solidlaminatedsunburstcodman's