Midterm #4 - 9, 11, 13, 14 Flashcards
Sex vs Gender
Sex - defined by biologically male/female
Gender - used to describe the cultural characteristics of males and females
Origin of Women’s Subordination
- biological research appears to “prove” men are naturally “superior” to women
- Emergence of FEMINISM
Evidence (3) that gender is a social construct
Gender variations between cultures, in one culture over time, in one culture at one point in time
Gender Binary
A socially constructed concept that classifies gender into two distinct, opposite forms: “masculine” and “feminine.”
Gender Expression
The external display of one’s gender (how they present themselves to the world)
Gender Identity
The internal perception of one’s gender (what is on the inside
Intersex
The term intersex is an umbrella term that refers to people who have one or more of a range of variations in sex characteristics that fall outside of
traditional concepts of male or female bodies
Transgender (Trans)
Trans* can be used as an umbrella term for those who do not identify as cisgender, and also used for individuals. The asterisk (*) represents
those who identify outside the binary
Gender Queer
This is an umbrella term for many gender non-conforming identities, including those who identify outside the gender binary (such as agender,
gender fluid, and non-binary)
Agender
Someone with little to no connection with the gender binary
Gender Fluid
A person whose gender fluctuates over a period of time
Two-Spirited (2S)
An umbrella term used within Indigenous communities to recognize individuals who possess qualities or fulfill roles of both feminine and masculine
genders.
- Only Indigenous people can use this term - you cannot self-identify as two-spirit
Areas of Gender INequality
Autonomy, care, mothering/child-care, health (mental), violence, income/pay, education, housing, leadership, criminal justice, aging
Two (2) biological theories
- Dichotomy – one or the other (male or female)
- Difference – opposite characteristics (what is male
cannot be female)
Key contributions to immigration
Industries such as the fur trade, farming, lumbar, were contributors to
very early immigration
Describe immigration after WWII
- increased immigration due to economic demand
- seeking a balance between population growth and economic
stability
Immigration during/after WWI
- Fear halted immigration during WWI (1914-1918) and the economy
during the Great Depression (1929-1933).
Acculturation
- to include expectations, attitudes, identity, perception, attribution, values
- include cultural shedding and cultural learning
Marin and Gamba 3 perspectives on acculturations
- Assimilation – move towards host culture
- Integration – merge of both cultures
- Rejection – move away from host culture
Berry’s additions to acculturation model/perspective
- Separation – Similar to rejection
- Marginalization – move away from both cultures
Four (4) Immigration Parent Tendencies
- Unified-Restorative
- Successful in resolving conflict between both cultures - Abandoned-Providential
- Values the dominant culture - Partitioned-Austere
- Values the home culture - Deprecated-Detached
- Uninvolved (assumptions of mental health issues)
Critiques of Acculturation Models
- failing to include group and family changes
- looks at culture as static
- looks at linear change (moving away from culture) vs bilateral change (cultural maintenance and participation)
Impacts of Acculturation (2 sections with points)
Structural Influences
- financial, employment, power/status, parenting, extended family
Individual/Family
- loss of self-esteem, children adapt quicker, culture looks different (individual vs collectivism), seperation of family
Main five (5) religious perspectives
Zen Buddhism
Christianity,
Existentialism
Judaism
Shamanism
Transpersonal Theory
- The language and development of one’s spiritual self
- Includes higher self, human consciousness, creativity,
communication, self-actualization and spiritual growth
Mindfulness is part of what two (2) therapies
- Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
- Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Mindfulness
The practice of purposefully paying attention using
nonjudgmental awareness
Three (3) parts of Mindfulness
Awareness - Refocusing - Expanding
What is Post-Traumatic Growth
- Concept that people can grow from their traumatic experiences, not
just return to their prior levels of functioning - Spirituality can offer support to post-traumatic growth, or be questioned/rejected
Key aspects of Meaning Making
- Spirituality and religion can support clients in making meaning and sense of their life experiences
- “everything happens for a reason” or “why me?”