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biosci 94 > midterm 4 > Flashcards

midterm 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

how organisms interact with each other and environment

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2
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving
ex: temp, light, water

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3
Q

biotic factors

A

living
ex: predator vs prey

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4
Q

weather

A

short term atmospheric conditions

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5
Q

climate

A

long term conditions

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6
Q

why are tropics warm and poles cold?

A

bc @equator- sunlight hits at 90 angle allowing for max amt of solar radiation (spread same amt of energy over a less SA, more concentrated)
@poles- sunlight hits at same angle but arrives at poles at a lower angle (spread same amt of energy over a greater SA, less concentrated)

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7
Q

why are the tropics wet?

A

bc tropics near equator which receives most moisture bc of hadley cell and coriolis effect and seasons

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8
Q

hadley cell

A

air by equator is heated by sun holding a lot of moisture bc warm water molecules stay in vapor form, as it expands and rises it cools and can’t hold the water turning into rain, the cold air is pushed towards poles

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9
Q

coriolis effect

A

bc earth spins, water and air move clockwise in the N hemisphere, counterclockwise in S hemisphere

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10
Q

seasons

A

caused by earth’s oribit and tilt of 23.5
summer- N hemi direct angle to sun
fall- equator direct sun
winter- S hemi direct angle to sun
spring- equator direct sun

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11
Q

what regional effects do mountains have on climates?

A

creates rain shadows: part of land forced to become desert
created by moist air blows in from ocean, rises over mountain, cools and dries producing rain, passes mountain air dries out prod rain shadow

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12
Q

what effects do ocean currents have on climate?

A

has a moderating effect on temp bc water stores (absorbs atmospheric heat in summer) and releases (in winter) a lot of heat

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13
Q

why do coastal regions have more moderate climates than inland regions?

A

bc of gyres: massive ocean current cycles, brings warm water to cooler places and vice versa

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14
Q

terrestrial biomes

A

determined by climate, nature det by avg and annual variation in anual temp and precipitation

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15
Q

NPP (net primary productivity)

A

influenced by temp and moisture, total aboveground biomass (total mass of living plants)

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16
Q

how are terrestrial biomes affected by climate change?

A

affected by co2
studied by simulations (computer models based on local weather patterns), observational (long term monitoring at fixed sites), historical (factors related to events that occurred mils of years ago), experiments (simulates changed climate conditions to see organisms response)

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17
Q

ocean zones

A
  1. intertidal zone: submerged at high tide, exposed at low
  2. neritic zone: defined by continental shelf (submerged part of a continental plate), has coral reefs
  3. oceanic zone: open ocean
  4. photic zone: sunlit, depth max at 200m, includes intertidal and parts of neritic, oceanic, and benthic
  5. aphotic zone: don’t receive sunlight
  6. benthic zone: bottom of ocean at all depths
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18
Q

lakes zones

A
  1. littoral zone: shallow water along shore, has rooted plants
  2. limnetic zone: offshore, water receives enough light to support photosynthesis, no rooted plants
  3. photic
  4. aphotic
  5. benthic
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19
Q

nutrient availability

A

benthic zone- lots of nutrients from dead orgs that drift down from phiotic
photic zone- nutrients from coastal run off, ocean upwelling, or lake turnover

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20
Q

coastal runoff

A

as water goes down mountains and to streams, nutrients gather and sink to bottom as debris
aso at estuaries (freshwater rivers meet ocean) lots of nutrients

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21
Q

ocean upwelling

A

nutrients that fell to benthic brought back up currents that cause upwellings (deep water rise to surface, replacing surface water moving away from coast)

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22
Q

lake turnover

A

in spring and fall- lakes undergo turnovers/stratification (water mixes) in response to air temp
in winter- surface water is colder and higher in o2, bottom is warms and denser and higher in nutrients
in spring- surface water is warmer and denser starting to sink, bottom comes to top -> rapid inc of photosynthetic organisms then turnover

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23
Q

behavior ecology

A

study of behavioral adaptations

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24
Q

proximate causation

A

how actions occur (aka mechanisms)

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25
Q

ultimate causation

A

why actions occur (aka evolutionary reasons)

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26
Q

what is the proximate and ultimate causation behind consolation behaviors?

A

proximate- neurons process sensory info, brain signal adrenal glands to produce cortisol
ultimate- bc it leads to higher survival and reproduction

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27
Q

why don’t we have optimal behaviors all the time?

A

bc behaviors have pluses and minuses (aka trade offs) so using cost benefit analysis we pick and choose

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28
Q

cost benefit analysis

A

why a certain behavior is in one organisms but not in another
results in
1. not too little and not too much
2. pick and choose
ex: optimal foraging- bc animals have a wide range of food possibilities some choices benefit and others harm, so they need to choose in order to best max their food intake (aka max benefits, min cost)

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29
Q

evolutionary game theory

A

decisions of what behaviors to do are made based on what others are doing

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30
Q

mating systems

A

monogamy: 1F with 1M
polygyny: 1M with 2+ F
polyandry: 1F with 2+ M
promiscuity: M and F each have 2+ partners

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31
Q

communication

A

process where a signal from one individual (sender) modifies the behavior of another (recipient), comm danger mating or food,
can be honest or deceitful (only works when it’s relatively rare
ex: bluegills- female mimic, M looks and acts like F during courtship

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32
Q

cooperation

A

behavior help individuals respond to environmental stim to max their fitness

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33
Q

altruism

A

self sacrificing (benefits recipient but costs sender), indirectly increasing fitness

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34
Q

hamiltons rule

A

rB > C
r= relatedness, B= benefit, C= cost
meaning that the cost needs to bee less than benefit (with relatedness taken into acct) for it to be passed on

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35
Q

kin selection

A

we’re more likely to place ourselves in danger (aka high cost) for relatives
results in increased indirect fitness (help relatives produce more offspring than on their own) vs direct fitness (own offspring)

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36
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

not related, you scratch my back and i’ll scratch

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37
Q

if individuals don’t help their own species (as a whole),

A

they definitely don’t help other species

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38
Q

population ecology

A

how and why a population changes, studies morphologies, behaviors, and physiology to understand how they survive and reproduce, basis of natural selection

39
Q

distribution

A

size across location

40
Q

species range

A

global > regional > local

41
Q

spatial distribution

A

random: bc random dispersal of seeds
clumped: bc associated in social groups for mating and feeding
uniform: bc less resources competition

42
Q

metapopulation

A

population of populations connected by migration

43
Q

demography

A

no. of indivudals in a population over time
populations grow -> birth, immigration (enter pop)
populations shrink -> death, emigration (leave pop)

44
Q

mark recapture

A

sampling method
mark a sample -> release -> recapture

45
Q

life tables

A

summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in a chosen time interval over its lifetime (aka measures demography), can predict future populations
short lived species- track particular individual over their entire lifetime
long- take snapshot of population’s age structure at a particular time

46
Q

age class

A

no. of living individuals of a specific age

47
Q

survivorship

A

amt of offspring produced that survived to a particular age
type 1: high survivorship (long lives) then drops in old age
ex- human
type 2: survivorship is constant/prob of dying is same for every age
ex- birds
type 3: low survivorship (short lives)
ex- insects

48
Q

fecundity

A

no. of F offspring produced by each F in a population

49
Q

net reproductive rate

A

population inc >1
dec <1

50
Q

population dynamics

A

changes in populations through time

51
Q

why do some populations crash?

A

overshoots carrying capacity aka no more food

52
Q

why do some populations cycle?

A

limit cycles: time delay in predator population in relation w/prey population
ex- hare vs lynx = hares grow bc not alot of lynxes then lynxes overpopulate and eat excess hares and decimate (but not to 0)

53
Q

exponential population growth model

A

∆N/∆t = rN
N- population size, t- no. of generations, r- growth rate
for organisms that reproduce continuously sol.-
Nt = N0^ert
Nt- future population size, N0- starting population size
for organisms that reproduce in discrete time chunks sol.-
Nt= N0λ^t
λ- equal to r

54
Q

logistic population growth model

A

if population is too dense, it won’t grow
∆N/∆t = r (K-N/K) N
K- carrying capacity
meaning that as N gets closer to K (aka population size grows closer to carrying capacity), it gets closer to 0 (where growth stops, becomes a straight line)

55
Q

community ecology

A

how species interact and what are the consequences

56
Q

mutalism

A

happy happy
benefit each other

57
Q

commensalism

A

happy neutral
ex: orchid lives in tree branches can’t live without tree, tree doesn’t hurt or benefit
can become parasitic

58
Q

consumption

A

happy angry
predator vs prey

59
Q

amensalism

A

neutral angry
no particular benefit to you but disadvantageous to other, often accidental

60
Q

no interaction

A

neutral neutral
species don’t directly interact

61
Q

competition

A

angry angry
hurt each other

62
Q

why does one species win over another?

A

bc of complete niche (resources needed) overlap: where species use the same resources resulting in competitive exclusion (stronger competitor drive the other to extinction)

63
Q

how do you resolve complete niche overlap?

A

if it’s not actually complete but partial via niche differentiation: splitting resources based on who’s a better competitor for what resource resulting in species that coexist in a way (realized niche) that’s different than the way they could live (fundamental niche)

64
Q

realized niche

A

resources they actually inhabit

65
Q

fundamental niche

A

resources they could live in without competitors

66
Q

predation

A

carnivorous predator kills and consumes prey

67
Q

herbivory

A

herbivore consumes plant

68
Q

parasitism

A

leaching off host, taking resources from it
parasitoid: an endo or ectoparasite as a larva, lay eggs inside host, consuming and killing it as an adult

69
Q

species richness

A

no. of different species

70
Q

species evenness

A

how evenly distributed different species are

71
Q

why does community diversity go up when a keystone predator is present?

A

bc w/o it a species can spread and compete everything else out
keystone predator: key feature that det if community stands up or collapses

72
Q

how does top down influence community structure?

A

it causes a trophic (feeding) cascade: waterfall of different effects

73
Q

how does bottom up influence community structure?

A

removal or addition of bottom features (light, pH) leads to major changes

74
Q

disturbance

A

random large external changes, most communities experience a particular series of disturbances
ex: lava, storms, forest fires

75
Q

succession

A

recovery after disturbance
succession rate determined by what species are available to colonize, how they interact, and what caused the disturbance

76
Q

succession process

A

PRIMARY SUCCESSION: nothing there
1. pioneers (species thrive without soil) like weedy species establish
SECONDARY SUCCESSION: repopulating a disturbed but not destroyed environment
2. early successional communities (more herbaceous species) follows
3. mid succesional communities (shrubs, short lived trees)
4. climax community (everything at it’s peak, long lived tree species)

77
Q

GPP (gross primary productivity)

A

amt of all possible solar energy captured, 0.8%
NPP = GPP - R
R- energy used in cellular respiration, growth

78
Q

low NPP

A

parts of ocean and deserts

79
Q

highest NPP

A

tropical rainforests and coral reefs

80
Q

food chain

A

linear, follows NPP as a single carbon mol

81
Q

food webs

A

all trophic (feeding) relationships in an ecosystem, each species consumed by multiple different indiv.

82
Q

grazing food chain trophic levels

A

primary producer (alive)
primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer

83
Q

decomposer food chain trophic levels

A

primary producer (dead)
primary decomposer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer
quaternary consumer

84
Q

fate of energy VS fate of nutrients

A

energy eventually dissipates as it goes to lowest trophic levels to highest
nutrients cycle through trophic levels, changing where they are not new sources

85
Q

global water cycle

A

water evaporates over the ocean then moved by wind and rain on land
water evaporates over land then rained over land
land gains water from ocean then goes down rivers to ocean or into acuifers (water in soil, wells)

86
Q

global nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen in aquatic organisms or in the atmosphere, it’s then cycled through the environment through organisms that need N to live, then decompose
humans release N as pollution

87
Q

global carbon cycle

A

organisms take in and give carbon then turn into sedimentation
burial (very slow accumulation of carbon molecules turning them into fossil fuels)
humans are using fossil fuels more quickly than it takes for burial to happen = resulting in humans increasing co2 aka greenhouse effect (solar energy bouncing back on earth’s surface, making it very hot)

88
Q

pyramid of productivity

A

10% of biomass is transferred to next level, then 10% of that is transferred (as you go to higher trophic levels, productivity declines)
rest is used for cellular respiration or excreted

89
Q

genetic diversity

A

total genetic info within all individuals of a species, measured as no. and relative freq all genes present in a species
no genetic diversity = adaptation by natural selection is impossible
a lot of genetic diversity = greater change that it’s beneficial to environmental change

90
Q

how is species diversity measured?

A

by species diversity (species richness and evenness), phylogenetic diversity (evolutionary, branch lengths), functional diversity (categorizing and counting functional traits like herb vs carnivore), NPP (more stuff aka energy that we can convert, more diverse)

91
Q

how does diversity increase resistance and resilience

A

H resil, H resis = no dramatic changes in productivity
L resil, L resis = knock all the way down but never comes back up
H resil, L resis = all the way down then come back up
L resil, H resis = slight knock and never come back up

92
Q

resistance

A

how hard is it to get knocked down

93
Q

resilience

A

ability to achieve previous levels of productivity

94
Q

types of ecosystem services

A

provisioning: provides raw materials like food, water
regulating: part of earth’s life support system like climate moderation
cultural: enrich quality of life like education, recreation
supporting: etc

biosci 94 (4 decks)

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