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Gross Anatomy II > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Collum is also known as?

A

“coller” or neck

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2
Q

Nuchae is also known as?

A

Nape or posterior neck

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3
Q

Cervix is also known as?

A

Neck

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4
Q

Another name for “Adam’s Apple”

A

Laryngeal prominence

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5
Q

What vertebral level is the Thyroid cartilage found?

A

C4- C5 vertebral level

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6
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

Site of attachment for many anterior neck muscles and some muscles of the tongue

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7
Q

Parts of the hyoid bone

A

Body,

Greater and Lesser Cornus (horns)

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8
Q

What vertebral level is the hyoid bone found?

A

C3`

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9
Q

How many cricoid cartilage are there?

A

one

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10
Q

Is the cricoid cartilage a part of the trachea?

A

No, it is a cartilage of the larynx

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11
Q

What vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found?

A

C6

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12
Q

Where does the tracheal cartilage begin?

A

Below C6, inferior to the cricoid cartilage

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13
Q

The Chin is also known as?

A

Mentum

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14
Q

What muscle covers the Ramus of the Mandible?

A

Masseter

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15
Q

What is the mastoid process a part of?

A

Temporal Bone

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16
Q

What is the skin of the neck innervated by?

A

Primarily C2,3 &4 spinal nerves

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17
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Area of skin innervated by a specific nerve segment

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the head (face)?

A

Trigeminal Nerve or V nerve

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19
Q

Does the Trigeminal Nerve innervate the angle of mandible?

A

No, C2 innervates the angle of mandible

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20
Q

What part of the head does C2 spinal nerve innervate?

A

Occiput, majority of ear, angle of mandible and under the chin/jawline (refer to image for C2, C3 and C4 dermatomes)

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21
Q

What is the Origin of the platysma muscle?

A

Fascia and skin of deltoid & pectoral regions

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22
Q

What is the insertion of the platysma muscle?

A

Mandible and tissues around the mouth

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the platysma muscle?

A

Facial nerve (cervical branch), VII Nerve

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24
Q

What are the actions of the Platysma muscle?

A

1) helps to depress the mandible
2) tighten and wrinkle the skin of antero-lateral neck
3) depresses the lower lip and angle of the mouth

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25
Q

What does the external jugular vein usually come from?

A

Posterior auricular vein and retromandibular veins

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26
Q

Where does the external jugular vein usually travel?

A

Superficial to the Sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep to the clavicle

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27
Q

Where can the facial vein drain into?

A

One, two of all of the following:

1) external jugular vein
2) anterior jugular vein
3) internal jugular vein

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28
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Posterior - SCM
Superior - Inferior border of the mandible
Anterior - midline of anterior neck

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29
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A

Inferior - clavicle
Anterior SCM
Posterior Trapezius

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30
Q

What is is the Origin of Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Sternum (tendinous)

Clavicle

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31
Q

What is is the insertion of Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Mastoid process

Occiput

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32
Q

What is is the innervation of Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Spinal Accessory nerve (XI nerve) for motor innervation

C2 (sometimes 3) for sensory innervation used for nociception and proprioception

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33
Q

What is is the action of Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A 
Unilateral = ipsilateral (same side) flexion and contralateral (opposite side) rotation of head and neck
Bilaterial = flexion of neck and extension of head
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34
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle

A

Posterior - posterior belly of Digastric muscle
Anterior - anterior belly of diastric
Superior - body of mandible

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35
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle

A

Inferior - hyoid bone

Superior - Anterior bellies of left and right dygastric muscles

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36
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior - posterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior - SCM
Inferior - Superior belly of omohyoid muscle

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37
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle triangle

A

Superior - superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Posterior - SCM
Anterior - anterior midline of neck

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38
Q

What are the borders of the supraclavicular triangle

A

Superior- belly omohyoid
Inferior - clavicle
Anterior - SCM

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39
Q

What are the borders of the occipital triangle

A

Posterior - Trapezius
Anterior - SCM
Inferior - Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle

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40
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle

A 
submandibular glands (salivary gland)
Facial artery and vein
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41
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle

A

Carotid sheath and its contents:

1) common carotid artery and carotid bifurcation (internal and external carotids)
2) internal jugular vein
3) X nerve, vagus nerve

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42
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle

A

Infrahyoid muscles
Thyroid gland
Larynx (largeal cartilages) and tracheal cartilages

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43
Q

What are the contents of the supraclavicul triangle

A

Sublavian artery and vein
Elements of the brachial plexus
Scalene muscles
Phrenic nerve

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44
Q

What are the contents of the occipital triangle

A 
XI nerve (spinal accessory)
Several cutaneous nerves from the cervical plexus
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45
Q

What forms spinal nerves form the cervical plexus?

A

ventral rami C1-C4

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46
Q

What are the five types of branches contributing to the cervical plexus?

A 
Cutaneous branches
Communicating or hitchhiker branches
Ansa Cervicalis nerve
Phrenic Nerve
Motor branches (to muscle of deep anterior neck
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47
Q

Along the posterior border of what muscle do the 4 main terminal cutaneous branches exit?

A

SCM

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48
Q

What are the 4 main terminnal cutaneous branches?

A

Lesser occipital nerve
Great Auricular nerve
Transverse Cervical nerve (transverse coli nerve)
Supraclavicular nerve

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49
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the lesser occipital nerve?

A

Ventral ramii C2 fibers

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50
Q

What does the lesser occipital nerve innervate

A

Skin of posterior scalp behind the ear

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51
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the great auricular nerve?

A

Ventral ramii of C2, C3

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52
Q

What does the great auricular nerve innervate

A

Sensory innervation to skin below and anterior to external ear and part of ear

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53
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the transverse cervical nerve?

A

Ventral ramii of C2, C3

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54
Q

What does the transverse cervical nerve innervate

A

most skin of the anterior neck

terminal branches penetrate the platysma muscle

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55
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the supraclavicular nerve?

A

Ventral ramii of C3, C4

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56
Q

What does the supraclavicular nerves innervate

A 
innervates skin of base of neck, upper thorax and top of the shoulder
contains three branches:
1)medial
2) intermediate
3) lateral
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57
Q

What are communicating or hitchhiking branches?

A

Join with nerves en route to their destinations,

but are not really part of those nerves

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58
Q

What Cervical fibers join the spinal accessory nerve?

A

C2, C3, & C4

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59
Q

What do C2, C3 & C4 provide sensory innervation to?

A

SCM (C2, C3) and Trapezius C3, C4

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60
Q

What nerve fiber joins with the hypoglossal nerve?

A

C1

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61
Q

What muscles do C1 fibers supply motor innervation to?

A

Geniohyoid muscle

Thyrohoid muscle

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62
Q

What is ansa cervicalis?

A

A nerve loop

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63
Q

What is the Ansa Cervicalis comprised from?

A

Ventral ramii of C1-3

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64
Q

What does the Ansa Cervicalis supply?

A

all the infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid muscle

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65
Q

What nerve root does the Superior root of Ansa Cervicalis contain?

A

C1

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66
Q

What cranial nerve does C1 hitchhike with?

A

cranial nerve XII

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67
Q

What is another name for Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis?

A

Descending hypoglossal ramus of Ansa Cervicalis

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68
Q

What nerve root does the inferior ramus of Ansa Cervicalis contain?

A

C2-C3

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69
Q

What is another name for Inferior Ramus of Ansa Cervicalis?

A

Descending cervical ramus of Ansa Cervicalis

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70
Q

Which muscles do the two roots of the ansa cervicalis supply?

A

Omohyoid muscle, Sternohyoid & Sternothyroid muscles

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71
Q

What nerve roots does the Phrenic nerve contain?

A

C3-5

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72
Q

What does the Phrenic nerve supply?

A

Motor and sensory to the diaphragm

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73
Q

What is the appearance of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Broad, flat muscles

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74
Q

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Swallowing and speech either to mover or stabilize the hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage

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75
Q

What is the origin of the sternohyoid muscles?

A

Manubrium

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76
Q

What is the origin of the sternothyroid muscles?

A

Manubrium

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77
Q

What is the origin of the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Scapula (superior border)

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78
Q

What is the origin of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Tendinous sling from the clavicle

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79
Q

What is the origin of the thyrohyoid muscles?

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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80
Q

What is the insertion of the sternohyoid muscles?

A

Body of hyoid

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81
Q

What is the insertion of the Sternothyroid muscles?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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82
Q

What is the insertion of the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle?

A

Tendinous sling on clavicle

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83
Q

What is the insertion of the superior belly of omohyoid muscle?

A

Body of hyoid

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84
Q

What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid muscles?

A

Greater Cornu of hyoid

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85
Q

What is the action of the sternohyoid muscles?

A

Depresses hyoid

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86
Q

What is the action of the sternothyroid muscles?

A

Depresses thyroid cart

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87
Q

What is the action of the Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Depresses hyoid or stabalize position

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88
Q

What is the action of the thyrohyoid muscle?

A

Depresses hyoid

Elevates thyroid Cartilage

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89
Q

What is the innervation of the sternohyoid muscle?

A

Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)

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90
Q

What is the innervation of the sternothyroid muscle?

A

Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)

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91
Q

What is the innervation of the Inferior and Superior bellies of omohyoid muscles?

A

Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)

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92
Q

What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle?

A

C1 that hitchhikes with XII nerve

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93
Q

Do the digastric muscles derive from the same innervations?

A

No, the anterior and posterior bellies have different embryonic origins

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94
Q

What is the location of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Parallel to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

The tendon of insertion usually splits and passes on either side of the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle

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95
Q

What is the location of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Within the submental triangle

Helps form the floor of the oral cavity

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96
Q

What is the location of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

superior to the mylohyoid muscle

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97
Q

What is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric muscles?

A

Inner mandible (near symphysis)

98
Q

What is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscles?

A

Mastoid process

99
Q

What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscles?

A

Styloid process part of the temporal bone

100
Q

What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Body of mandible (inner surface)

101
Q

What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Inner mandible (near symphysis menti)

102
Q

What is the insertion of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Intermediate tendon held by tendinous sling to hyoid

103
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Intermediate tendon held by tendinous sling to hyoid

104
Q

What is the insertion of the stylohyoid muscles?

A

Hyoid

105
Q

What is the insertion of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Median raphe (seam) and hyoid

106
Q

What is the insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Hyoid

107
Q

What is the action of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Protracts, retracts, & elevates hyoid; assists to depress mandible

108
Q

What is the action of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Protracts, retracts, & elevates hyoid; assists to depress mandible

109
Q

What is the action of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates and retracts hyoid

110
Q

What is the action of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates hyoid and floor of oral cavity

111
Q

What is the action of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates and protracts hyoid

112
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Trigeminal (V) nerve

113
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Facial (VII) nerve

114
Q

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Fascial (VII) nerve

115
Q

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Trigeminal (V) nerve

116
Q

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 (via XII)

117
Q

What is the origins of anterior, middle, posterior scalenes and scaleneous minimis?

A

TPs of cervical

118
Q

What are the insertion of the anterior, middle, and the scaleneous minimis?

A

First rib

119
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene muscle?

A

Second rib

120
Q

What are the actions of the anterior, middle, and the scaleneous minimis?

A

Elevates first rib; Ipsilateral flexion of neck

121
Q

What is the actions of the posterior scalene muscle?

A

Elevates second rib; Ipsilateral flexion of neck

122
Q

What is the innervation of anterior, middle, posterior and the scaleneous minimis?

A

Lower cervical ventral rarnii

123
Q

What are the borders of the scalene triangle?

A

Inferiorly: first rib
Anteriorly: anterior scalene
Posterior: middle scalene

124
Q

What exits the neck en route to the extremities through the scalene triangles

A 
Subclavian artery (subclavian vein enters neck neck anterior to the anterior scalene)
Roots of the brachial plexus - inclues ventral rami of C5 - T1
125
Q

Clinical significance of the scalene triangle?

A

Brachial plexus and or the subclavian artery are subject to possible compression at this location: if this happens then this could lead to neuro-vascular problems of upper extremity

126
Q

What is the origin of Longus Colli?

A

T.P.’s and bodies

127
Q

What is the origin of Longus Capitis?

A

T.P’s

128
Q

What is the origin of Rectus Capitis Anterior?

A

T.P of C1 and Lateral Mass of C1

129
Q

What is the origin of Rectus Capitis Lateralis?

A

T.P.

130
Q

What is the insertion of Longus Colli?

A

T.P.’s and bodies

131
Q

What is the insertion of Longus capitis?

A

Occiput (Basilar Portion)

132
Q

What is the insertion of Rectus Capitis Anterior?

A

Occiput (basilar portion)

133
Q

What is the insertion of Rectus Capitis Lateralis?

A

Occiput (jugular process)

134
Q

What is the action of Longus Colli?

A

Flex and rotate neck

135
Q

What is the action of Longus Capitis?

A

Flexion of head

136
Q

What is the action of Rectus capitis Anterior?

A

Flexion of head

137
Q

What is the action of Rectus Capitis Lateralis?

A

Ipsilateral flexion of head

138
Q

What is the innervation of Longus Colli, Longus capitis, Rectus Capitis anterior, & Rectus Capitis Lateralis?

A

Cervical ventral Rami

139
Q

What fascial layer provides attachments of clavicle, hyoid, occiput, mandible, s.p’s of cervical vertebrae, ligamentum nuchae, and surround the trapezius and SCM?

A

superificial layer

140
Q

What fascial layer defines the visceral compartment in the neck and surrounds the thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus, larynx, pharynx and infrahyoid muscles?

A

Pretracheal layer

141
Q

What does the prevertebral layer of the deep fascia of the neck do?

A

Surrounds the cervical spine and deep muscles of the posterior neck. Also surrounds the deep muscles of the anterior neck (ie prevertebral muscles)

142
Q

How many of the deep fascial layers form the carotid sheath?

A

three

143
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain?

A

Common Carotid artery (and bifurcation)
Internal Jugular Vein
Vagus (X) nerve
Ansa Cervicalis

144
Q

What is the clinical significance of the facial layers of the neck?

A

The interfascial planes (potential spcaes between fascial layers such as the retropharyngeal space) and extend logitudinally through the neck. Therefore, tumors/infection can potentially spread along these planes longitudinally through the neck (thoracic cavity -> neck -> base of the skull)

145
Q

Where does the right common carotid originates from?

A

Brachiocephalic Artery

146
Q

Where does the left common carotid originate from?

A

Aortic Arch

147
Q

Where do the common carotids bifurcate?

A

Superior to the thyroid cartilage

148
Q

What does the common carotid bifurcate into?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

149
Q

What is the dilation in are at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into vertebral level C3 and C4?

A

Carotid sinus

150
Q

What kind of receptor is the carotid sinus?

A

Mechanoreceptor (baroreceptor) which is a sensory receptor

151
Q

What does the Carotid Sinus respond to and how?

A

Responds to blood pressure
Increases in blood pressure, increases the rate of nerve impulses which can result in vasodilation and decreased heart rate -> decreased blood pressure

152
Q

What is the innervation of the carotid sinus?

A

sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve and some X nerve innervation

153
Q

What is the caroid sinus reflex?

A

Increases in blood pressure result in stimulation of the carotid sinus -> stimulation of the IX nerve -> CNS -> vasodilation, decreased heart rate and eventually decreased blood pressure

154
Q

What does the carotid sinus respond to?

A

Any changes in pressure such as externally pressing on the sinus

a) inappropriate changes in cardiovascular function
b) activation of carotid sinus reflex

155
Q

Where is the carotid body located?

A

Behind the carotid bifurcation

156
Q

What does the carotid body consist of?

A

Specialized receptor cels, rich plexus of nerve endings and rich capillary bed

157
Q

What is the receptor that the carotid body contains?

A

Chemoreceptor to monitor blood chemistry changes

O2 and CO2

158
Q

Where does the carotid artery go from and to?

A

from the carotid bifurcation and it travels deep and superiorly to the base of the skull

159
Q

What does the internal carotid artery enter the skull from?

A

The carotid canal and distributes to the brain (much of the brain) and eyeball and other orbital structures

160
Q

How many branches come off of the external carotid artery?

A

eight

161
Q

What are the eight major branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
Superior Thyroid Artery
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery
Occipital Artery
Posterior Auricular Artery
Maxillary Artery
Superficial Temporal Artery
162
Q

What does Superior thyroid artery give off?

A

Usually gives off a superior laryngeal artery

163
Q

What does superior thyroid artery supply?

A

Supplies (including its branches) blood to thyroid, larynx, infrahyoid muscles and parts of the SCM

164
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

A

Supplies pharyngeal wall

165
Q

Where does the lingual artery travel?

A

branch of external carotid near the posterior belly of digastric muscle, travels deep to it to the hypoglossus

166
Q

What does the lingual artery supply?

A

Supplies tongue and floor of oral cavity

167
Q

Where does the facial artery travel?

A

Travels through the submandibular triangle and crosses over onto the face at about the mid-body of the mandible
It transverses across the superficial face, paralleling the facial vein, and terminates at the medial angle of the eye

168
Q

What does the facial artery supply?

A

submandibular gland
anterior face, up to the orbit
Superior and inferior lip (labia)

169
Q

Does the facial artery supply the upper or lower teeth?

A

No

170
Q

Where does the occipital artery travel?

A

Travels posterior to the external ear, parallels the greater occipital nerve and supplies the posterior scalp

171
Q

Where does the posterior auricular artery travel and supply?

A

Travels behind the ear and supplies parts of the external ear and some of the skin behind the ear

172
Q

what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Maxillary artery

Superficial temperal artery

173
Q

Where does the maxillary artery travel ?

A

travels deep to the mandible into the infratemporal fossa

174
Q

Where does the maxillary artery arise from?

A

Deep to the mandible

175
Q

Where does the maxillary artery send branches to?

A

Lower teeth and mandible
Maxilla and some of the upper jaw teeth
Muscles of mastication
Dura mater around the brain

176
Q

Where is the superficial temporal artery located and supply?

A

Palpable above the TMJ in front of the ear and supplies much of the superficial structures of the parieto-temporal region of the head

177
Q

What does the right subclavian branch from?

A

the brachiocephalic artery

178
Q

What does the left subclavian branch from?

A

Aortic arch

179
Q

What are the four major branches of the subclavian artery?

A

Internal Thoracic Artery
Vertebral Artery
Thyrocervical Trunk
Costocervical Trunk

180
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery travel?

A

Descends into the thorax along the internal surface of the thoracic wall

181
Q

What does internal thoracic artery supply?

A

Supplies the anterior wall of the thorax and breast

182
Q

Where does the vertebral artery travel?

A

Ascends and enters a transverse foramen at C6

183
Q

Where does the vertebral artery send branches to?

A

Deep neck structures, spinal nerves and the spinal chord. Ultimately it becomes one of the major arteries to the brain

184
Q

What are the 4 branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery

185
Q

What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

Helps to supply thyroid gland, esophagus, larynx and trachea

186
Q

What does the ascending cervical artery travel and supply?

A

Travels along the anterior scalene and transverse processes

Supplies structures in the deep cervical region

187
Q

What does the transverse cervical artery branch into?

A

Superficial transverse cervical artery

Deep transverse cervical artery

188
Q

What is another name for the deep transverse cervical artery?

A

Dorsal scapular artery

189
Q

What does the superficial transverse cervical artery supply?

A

Trapezius muscles

190
Q

What does the deep transverse cervical artery supply?

A

Rhomboid major, minor and levator scapula muscles

191
Q

What does the suprascapular artery supply?

A

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

192
Q

What two branches does the costocervical trunk split into?

A

Deep cervical branch and superior intercostal branch

193
Q

What does the deep cervical branch supply?

A

Deep posterior neck structures

194
Q

What does the superior intercostal branch supply?

A

Supply superior parts of the thorax

195
Q

What are dural venus sinuses?

A

Venous sinuses within cranial dura mater and drain blood from the brain

196
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein travel?

A

Begins at the jugular foramen (from the major sinus in the brain)
Travels inferiorly through the neck and receives tributaries from facial, lingual, thyroid and pharyngeal veins

197
Q

What does the internal jugular vein form?

A

The internal jugular vein joins with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

198
Q

Is the internal jugular vein a major vein?

A

Yes, it is the major vein that drains blood from the brain

199
Q

Where does the vertebral veins travel?

A

Begin in the suboccipital triangle region

It parallels the vertebral arteries

200
Q

Where does the vertebral veins drain from and to?

A

Drain deep neck structures and drain into the brachiocephalic veins

201
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine (ductless) gland

Weighs about 30 grams and enlarges during pregnancy

202
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Found at C5, C6 & C7 and straddles the lower larynx and the upper trachea

203
Q

What are the parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and right lobe joined by an isthmus and sometimes a third lobe projecting superiorly from the isthmus along midline called the pyramidal lobe

204
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

Marks the path of migration of the thyroid gland from the tongue to it’s final position and it usually degenerates in the adult

205
Q

What does the thyroid gland create and secrete?

A

Thyroxine (increase cellular metabolism)

Calcitonin (decrease blood calcium)

206
Q

What does the thyroid gland receive blood supply from?

A

Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery
Inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk
Thyroideus ima artery (present less than 10%of the time) and a branch of the brachiocephalic artery of the aortic arch

207
Q

What do the thyroid veins (superior, middle and inferior) drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

208
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A 
Endocrine glands (ductless)
Small and ovoid (6 by 3mm)
209
Q

What are the four parathyroid glands?

A

Superior parathyroid glands (Left and Right)

Inferior parathyroid glands (left and right)

210
Q

Where is are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

211
Q

What do the parathyroid glands synthesize and secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone - increases blood calcium through bone breakdown

212
Q

What are the two primary groups of the lymphatics of the neck?

A

Superficial (cervical group), group of nodes and vessels

Deep (cervical group), group of nodes and vessels

213
Q

What does the superficial cervical group of lymph nodes drain into?

A

Generally drains to the deep cervical group

214
Q

Where do the deep cervical group of lymph nodes drain into?

A

Drains lymph via vessels along the carotid sheath

215
Q

Where are the deep cervical group of lymph nodes located?

A

Deep to SCM

216
Q

What does the deep cervical group form?

A

Two jugular lymphatic trunks:
Right trunk drains into the right subclavian vein or right internal jugular vein at base of neck
Left trunk drains into the thoracic duct (the major lymph vessel of the body), which ascends out of the thorax

217
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

The left internal jugular vein and left subclavian veins

218
Q

What is the skin of the face innervated by?

A

Branches of the Trigeminal (V) nerve

219
Q

What type of skin is the scalp made of?

A

Thick and hairy skin

220
Q

What is the glea aponeurotica?

A

Intermediate tendon (aponeurosis) between the frontalis and occipitalis muscles

221
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (subcutaneous tissue)
Aponeurosis
Loose Connective Tissue
Pericranium
222
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the face (mimetic muscles or muscles of fascial expression) innervated by?

A

Fascial nerve (VII)

223
Q

What are the attachments of the frontalis muscle?

A

Attaches posteriorly to galea aponeurotica

Anterior attachment to skin at eyebrow

224
Q

What are the attachments of the occipitalis muscle?

A

Attaches anteriorly to galea aponeurotica

Posterior attachment to occipital bone

225
Q

What are the action of the epicranius muscles?

A

Move the scalp, elevate and wrinkle skin of the forehead and elevate the eyebrows

226
Q

What are the epicranius muscle?

A

Frontalis muscle

Occipitalis muscle

227
Q

What is the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A 
Muscle around the orbit
Made up of 3 portions:
1) orbital portion - around the orbital rim
2) palpebral portion - eyelids
3) lacrimal portion
228
Q

What is the action of orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Sphincter muscle that allows closure or tightening of the eye. Therefore it is the blink muscle

229
Q

What is the orbicularis oris?

A

muscles located around the mouth

230
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

Sphincter like action that allows to close lip/purse your lips. Important in speech and mastication (chewing)

231
Q

What is the risorius muscle?

A

Smiling muscle and originates from the fascia of the cheek and inserts into the corner of the mouth

232
Q

What is the action of risorius?

A

Retract the angle of the mouth

233
Q

What is the insertion of the zygomaticus major muscle?

A

Inserts into the angle of the mouth

234
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major muscle?

A

elevates the angle of the mouth

235
Q

What is the zygomaticus minor muscle insertion?

A

Inserts into upper lip

236
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus min muscle?

A

Elevates the upper lip

237
Q

What is the action of depressor anguli oris?

A

Depresses the angle of the mouth

238
Q

What is the location and action of depressor labii oris?

A

More medial than depressor anguli oris

Action - depresses lower lip

239
Q

What is the action of the buccinator?

A

Deep to buccal fat pad and muscle of the cheek

Action - compresses the cheek against the teeth and gums

240
Q

What is the action of the mentalis muscle?

A

Action - depresses lower lip along midline

Pouting muscle

Gross Anatomy II (1 decks)

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