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Norm Rad 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Platybasia

A

flattening of the sphenoid bone and/or occipital bone
 Determined by:
 Martin’s Basilar Angle
 NR: 123-152 degrees
 McGregor’s Line
 N: not greater than 8 mm for males
 not greater than 10 mm for females

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2
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

small opening due to the failure of fusion of the lamina

 no clinical significance

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3
Q

Spinal bifida Vera

A

large defect with no
protection of the spinal cord
 this may allow protrusion of the meninges and/or spinal cord
 thought to be caused by deficiency of folicacid in 1st trimester

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4
Q

Posterior spondyloschisis

A

posterior cleft of the
posterior arch of C-1
 sometimes referred to as “non union of theposterior arch”

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5
Q

Blocked vertebrae

A

two or more segments joined ogether
2 Types:
 Congenital block: concavity on the ant surface  Acquired block: many presentations

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6
Q

Schmorl’s node

A

nucleus pulposus herniates through the vertebral endplate
 Some think that the trauma is the cause
 Y&R list it as a birth defect
 TRIAD OF FEATURES:
 decreased disc space
 most commonly found on the ant/sup surface Increased A-P body width
DIFFERENTIATE WITH:
 Nuclear Impression: entire endplate is
depressed
 Schmorl’s node: pencil eraser through the endplate

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7
Q

Occipitalization

A

fusion of the atlas with the
occipital bone
 sometimes called “most cephalic” block
 in young children is usually asymptomatic
 in older children/young adults there are
symptoms
 Headaches, visual and upper extremity issues Next clinical protocol: flexion/ext study

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8
Q

Cervical rib

A 
a separate piece of bone 
that articulates with the  transverse 
process of cervical vertebra (points down)and is present in 0.5% of the population 
 Differentiate With:   
 Elongated tp: no joint space 
 Rudimentary thoracic rib: tp points up
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9
Q

Posterior ponticus

A

calcification of the oblique portion of the atlanto-occipital ligament
 forms an “arcuate foramen”
 seen in 14% of the population
 Vertebral artery is entrapped on some
people
 Contraindication to some types of rotaryadjustments

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10
Q

Butterfly vertebrae

A

segment takes on the
appearance of separate triangular portionson the A-P view
 different theories of why this occur
 Notice how the endplates of the adjoining
segments fill in the gaps

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11
Q

Limbus bone

A 
migration and herniation of 
nuclear material through the secondary 
growth center of the vertebral body 
 results in non-union of the secondary 
growth center 
 Differentiate with:  
 Avulsion fractures: jagged edges and located on the inferior/anterior aspect of the vertebralbody
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12
Q

Knife clasp

A

spina bifida of the 1st sacral
segment with an enlarged spinous processof the last lumbar
 extremely painful

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13
Q

Hemivertebra

A

triangular deformity of the
vertebral body
 3 Types:
 Lateral: seen on A-P view
 Dorsal: seen on Lateral view; back portion of the vertebral body is complete
 Ventral: seen on Lateral view; front portion ofthe vertebral body is complete
 - causes structural scoliosis

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14
Q

Transitional segment

A 
SEGMENT HAS 
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANOTHER 
AREA 
 MOST COMMON AREA IS THE 
LUMBOSACRAL 
 COMMON TERMS: LUMBARIZATION 
AND SACRALIZATION 
 MOST IMPORTANT: BIOMECHANICS ISDIFFERENT
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15
Q

OS ODONTOIDEUM vs OSSICULUMTERMINALE PERSISTENS

A

Both are non-union of the odontoid process to the vertebral body C2
What makes them different form each other is the location of the non- union

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16
Q

OS ODONTOIDEUM

A

Non-union will be at the base of the end of the vertebral body

17
Q

OSSICULUMTERMINALE PERSISTENS

A

Non-union is at the superior tip of the odontoid process.

18
Q

AP OM view

A 
Taken A-P 
• Read P-A 
• Nameplate in upper 
left/lower right 
• demonstrates Atlas, 
Axis, Atlanto-occipital joint, Atlanto-Axial 
jointtext
19
Q

Lateral sacrum

A

CR: left to right or right to left
• Patient Position: the patient’s coronal planeis perpendicular to the bucky
• Tube tilt: none
• Demonstrates: sacrum, lumbosacral joint,
coccyx

20
Q

Anterioposterior sacrum

A

CR: anterior to posterior
• Patient Position: the patient’s coronal plane is parallel to the bucky and their midsagittalplane is aligned with the midline
• Tube tilt: 15 degrees cephalad
(perpendicular to the sacrum)
• Demonstrates: sacrum, S-I joints, coccyx,
lumbosacral joint

21
Q

Anterioposterior pelvis

A

CR: anterior to posterior
• Patient Position: the patient’s coronal planeis parallel to the bucky with their
midsagittal plane aligned with the midline
• Tube tilt: none
• Demonstrates: both inominates, sacrum,
proximal femur heads, coccyx, soft tissue

22
Q

Lumbar obliques

A

CR: obliquely anterior to posterior for
posterior obliques
• CR: obliquely posterior to anterior for
anterior obliques
• Patient position: coronal plane angled 45degrees
• Tube tilt: none
• Demonstrates: Scotty dog to observe
10/16/2014 integrity of the pars interarticularis

23
Q

Lateral lumbrosacral

A 
CR: right to left, left to right 
• Patient Position: the patient’s coronal planeis perpendicular to the bucky 
• Tube tilt: None 
• Demonstrates: lumbar spine, sacrum, 
coccyx, soft tissue
24
Q

Anterioposterior lumbar

A

CR: anterior to posterior
• Patient Positioning: the patient’s coronal
plane is parallel to the bucky with their
midsagittal plane aligned with the midline • Tube Tilt: none
• Demonstrates: lumbar, pelvis, soft
abdominal tissues, sacrum, hips

25
Q

Swimmer view

A

Tube tilt: caudal 5 degrees
• Demonstrates: lower cervical spine, upper
thoracic spine
• only taken when these items are not visible on routine lateral cervical view

26
Q

Lateral cervicothoracic

A

AKA SWIMMER’S VIEW
• CR: obliquely left to right or obliquely right to left
• Patient position: the patient’s coronal plane is rotated 10-20 degrees off of
perpendicular to the bucky with the arm
next to the bucky flexed and the arm next tothe tube extended

27
Q

Lateral thoracic

A

CR: left to right, or right to left
• Patient position: the patient’s coronal planeis perpendicular to the bucky
• Tube tilt: None
• Demonstrates: thoracic spine, ribs, lung
fields, heart shadow

28
Q

Anterioposterior thoracic

A

CR: anterior to posterior
• Patient position: the patient is upright with
their coronal plane parallel to the bucky (thepatient will be x-rayed supine if they are
extremely obese)
• Tube tilt: None
• Demonstrates: thoracic spine, ribs, lung
fields, sternum

29
Q

Cervical obliques

A

CR: anterior to posterior for posterior
obliques
• CR: posterior to anterior for anterior
obliques
• Patient position: the patient’s coronal planeis angled 45 degrees to the bucky
• Tube tilt: cephalad for post., caudal for ant. • Demonstrates: IVF’s

30
Q

Flexion/extension views

A

CR: left to right or right to left
• PATIENT POSITION: the patient’s coronal
plane is perpendicular to the bucky with full
flexion or full extension of the head
• TUBE TILT: none
• DEMONSTRATES: ADI (should not deviatemore than 1 mm from neutral lateral view),
10/16/2014 cervical curve, mobility of cervical spine

31
Q

AP OM view

A

Tube tilt: parallel to the floor if head is
extended, 15 degrees cephalad if the head isparallel to the floor
• Demonstrates: atlas, axis, atlanto-occipital
joint, atlanto-axial joint

32
Q

AP OM view

A

CR: anterior to posterior
• PATIENT POSITION: the patient’s coronalplane is parallel to the bucky with the
patient’s midsagittal plane aligned with the
vertical midline of the bucky. The patient’s
mouth is open and the head is extended 15
degrees (with CR parallel to the floor) or
hard palate is parallel to the floor (with CR
10/16/2014
cephalad 15 degrees).

33
Q

Anteroposterior cervical view

A

TUBE TILT: 15 degrees cephalad
• DEMONSTRATES: Joints of Luschka,bony structures, soft tissue (trachea in
the midline), air space (apex of the
lungs)

34
Q

Anteroposterior cervical view

A 
aka Lower Cervical View 
• CR: anterior to posterior 
• PATIENT POSITION: patient’s coronal 
plane is parallel to the bucky with 
midsagittal plane aligned with the verticalmidline of the bucky
35
Q

Lateral cervical view

A 
DEMONSTRATES: body heights and 
widths, 
•  disc height, 
•  cervical curve, 
•  ADI (less than 3 mm for adults, less than 5mm for children),
36
Q

Lateral cervical view demonstrates

A 
sella turcica (AP normal range 5-16mm, 
average 11 mm)  (SI normal range 4-12 
mm, average 8 mm) 
•  prevertebral soft tissue (Retropharyngeal Interspace at C1-3 levels) (Retrolaryngeal Interspace at C4-5 levels) (Retrotracheal 
Interspace at C6-7 levels), 
•  airways (Pharynx C1-3) (Larynx C4-5) 
10/16/2014 (Trachea C6-7)
37
Q

Lateral cervical view

A

CR: left to right or right to left (doctor’s
choice except for scoliosis)
• PATIENT POSITION: patient’s coronal
plane is perpendicular to the bucky
• TUBE TILT: none (some techniques will betaken with a tube tilt for chiropractic
purposes

Norm Rad 2 (1 decks)

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