Midterm Flashcards
Advance directive
A written expression of a person’s wishes about medical care, especially care during a terminal or critical illness.
Applied ethics
is the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
Arguments:
- Moral/value premise
- Non-moral/Fact/empirical premise
- Conclusion
Premise: Kaylee is pretty
Fact: All girls are pretty
Conclusion: Therefore, kaylee is a girl and she is pretty.
Assent/Dissent (v. consent/refusal)
Assent: like when 15 year olds bang and they can’t give consent because they are not of age.
Dissent: the expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially held.
Autonomy
A formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve respecting the autonomous choices of individuals. (Note: autonomy is also a psychological state of an individual who is capable of being self-determine or self-legislating. the moral principle of autonomy holds that one has a duty to respect the self-determined choices of autonomous individuals).
Avoiding killing (principle of) -Do we need it?
we can let you die but we cannot kill you. we need this principle in order to explain why we make certain judgments. should you be committed to it? maybe maybe not. we need it to explain judgments we make but do we need to be committed to it?
Belmont Principles
- What are they?
- What does Veatch add?
- Do we need all of Veatch’s?
- Should there be more?
What are they: autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-malificence
Veatch adds: veracity, fidelity and avoiding killing
Do we need all: no we do not need avoiding killing, but it is commonly used but you must evaluate
Beneficence
- Hippocratic
- General utility
beneficence: the principle that holds that actions are morally right insofar as they produce as much or more benefit than alternative actions.
general beneficent: generally producing good outcomes
Benefits (calculation of)
- Medical/non-medical
- Subjective/objective
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Benevolence
The virtue involving a persistent disposition to will the good.
Casuistry
The approach to ethics that addresses case problems by applying paradigm or settled case attempting to identify orally relevant similar and dissimilar features.
Categorical Imperative
an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person’s inclination or purpose.
Code of Ethics
document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organization’s core values and the standards to which the professional will be held.
Common morality
In order to do bioethics we have to have come solving the issue of metaethics principles. assumption that we all have a shared common morality. the morals we assume we all have in common.
Competence/non competence
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Consent/Refusal (v. assent/dissent)
consent- when you want to bang and you’re old enough so you can, but you were probs gonna anways
refusal- when you don’t want something, like getting raped
Critical v experiential needs
Critical: things that come out of critical thought process and are expressed in advanced directive.
Experiential:
Death- definitions and criteria (organ donations)
-permanent v. irreversible cessation
article about permanent vs. irreversible.
Deontological/Duty based
Duty-based ethics: any of a group of normative ethical theories that base assessment of rightness or wrongness of actions on duties or “inherent right-making characteristics” of actions or rules rather than on consequences
Duty-based principles: ethical principles based on formal obligations to act in certain ways toward others regardless of the consequences. among the deontological or duty-based principles are fidelity, autonomy, veracity, and avoidance of killing (sometimes collectively referred to as the principles of “respect for persons”) as well as the social ethical principle of justice.
Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare
A type of advance medical directive in which legal documents provide the power of attorney to another person in the case of an incapacitating medical condition.
Ethics of Care
ethics that say our behavior of others should come from a relationship of caring or be modeled as such. You are best when you care about the patient.
Event (v process) model of informed consent
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Fidelity
Loyalty; keeping promises. commitment you have to prioritize your patient.
-a formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve keeping commitments, promises, or contracts.
Hippocratic tradition
Hippocratic principle: the core principle of the Hippocratic Oath, holding that the physician pledges to benefit his patient according to his ability and judgment and protect the patient form harm
Hippocratic ethics: consequentialist ethics that limits the relevant consequences to those that affect the individual patient.
Informed consent
-3 criteria for adequacy
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Justice (Rawlsian & Utilitarian)
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Living Will
legally defined document in which you indicate whether you want everything done, little done except hydration and nutrition, or nothing done (withhold hydration and nutrition)
Meta ethics
The branch of ethics having to do with eh meaning and justification of ethical terms and norms
Moral Status/Standing
-Specify different levels
Moral standing: the status of humans (and other beings) who have moral claims on others or to whom others have duties.
-know criteria for moral status:
Moral v non moral definitions (of person, death, etc.)
-moral principles: general and abstract characteristics of morally right action. the main elements of part of normative ethics called action theory.
-moral rules: concrete statements specifying patterns of morally right conduct, sometimes believed to be derived from more abstract moral principles or, alternatively, created as summaries of patterns of individual case judgements.
-Person (moral definition): humans (and other beings) who posses full or maximal moral standing
Person (nonmoral definition): humans (and other beings) who possess some critical physical or mental capacity such as self-consciousness, self-awareness, or rationality.
Narrativism
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Negative Rights
a right to be left alone, to be free from the interference of others to act autonomously. negative rights are often baed on the principle of autonomy.
Non-maleficence (3 different principles)
- Hippocratic (protect)
- 19th century (premium non nocere/ first, do no harm)
- General utility (non-utility)
Non-maleficence: the moral principle that actions or practices are right insofar as they avoid producing bad consequences.
Non-malevolence
hippocratic: i am supposed to protect my patient. protecting, not making my patient worse
Normative ethics
the branch of ethics having to do with standards of right or wrong
Paternalism (paternalistic)
action taken to benefit another person done for the welfare of that person, but against his or her will. “strong paternalism” involves taking such action even thought the individual benefited is mentally competent; “weak paternalism” involves actions taken forth benefit of an individual who is either known to be incompetent or who is suspected of being so.
Palliative
Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.
Positive Rights
a right not only to act autonomously, but also to have access to the means necessary to carry out ones actions. positive rights must be based not on the principle of autonomy, but on the bases of some other principles such as beneficence or justice.
Principlism
We solve problems by dealing with principles.
Process model of informed consent
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Relativism (cultural/moral)
in metaethics, the position that there are multiple sources of groundings of moral judgments such as the approval of various cultures to which any correct moral judgment must conform.
Utilitarianism/ Utility
Utilitarianism: the normative ethical theory that is committed to the view that the correct action or rule is the one that produces the best consequences considering all parties affected; often limited to those forms of consequential ethics that envision calculations of anticipated benefits and harms by subtracting expected amount and probability of harm from expected amount and probability of benefit for each affected party and then summing the net benefits for all those affected.
- Objective hippocratic utility: the principle that they physician should benefit the patient and protect the patient from harm as the benefits and harms are determined by standard that are objective rather than based not the physicians personal judgments.
- subject hippocratic utility: the principle that the physician should benefit the patient and protect the patient form harm as the benefits and harms are determined by the physician.
Veracity
commitment to tell the truth
-a formalist or deontological moral principle that holds that actions or rules are morally right insofar as they involve communicating truthful and avoiding dishonesty.
Virtue Ethics
Virtue theory: the portion of normative this having to do with virtues, that is, persistent dispositions or traits of good character in persons
VSED
Voluntary stopping eating and drinking
