Midterm Flashcards
Alloy
A material dissolved in another metal in a solid solution
Atom
Building block of all substances
Compound
A material composed of two or more chemically joined elements
Electron
Negatively charged particle
Molecule
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Element
A simple, pure substance made up of one kind of material
Mixture
A material composed of two or more elements or compounds mixed together but not chemically joined
Neutron
a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
Nucleus
the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.
Proton
a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
Solid Solution
A solution in both solvent and solute are solid at room temperature
Solution
A special type of mixture in which one substance is thoroughly dissolved in the other
Brinell Hardness
A common testing method using a ball penetrator in which the diameter of the indentation is converted to units of Brinnell Hardness Number. Accurate for soft metals
File Hardness
A very simple and fast hardness test in which a material is struck or scraped by the edge of a sharp file to see if the file will scratch the surface.
Knoop Hardness
A common microhardness testing method that uses an elongated pyramid penetrator and provides Knoop hardness values for the tested material
Mohs Scale
A relatively inaccurate hardness testing scale in which the testing specimen is scratched by any of 10 different types of material
Rockwell Hardness
Most commonly used hardness testing method uses a minor load to prevent surface irregularities from affecting results.
Rockwell Superficial
A common hardness testing method that produces a relatively small indentation on the sample being tested.
Shore Scleroscope
A hardness testing method in which a small hammer or weight is dropped onto a test sample and the height of its bounce is measured.
Hardness
A measure of resistance to deformation or penetration
Strength
Ability of a metal to resist forces or loads
Brittleness
Tendency to stretch or deform very little before fracture
Ductility
Tendency to stretch or deform appreciably before fracture
Stress
The force per unit area imparted to a material.
Tensile Strength
A materials ability to withstand stress in tension or pulling apart.
Compressive Strength
A materials ability to withstand a pressing or squeezing together type of stress
Shear Strength
A materials ability to resist a sliding past type of stress
Torsional Strenght
A materials ability to resist shear stress in rotation
Flexural Strength
Bending strength generally causing tensile stress on one side of the material and compressive stress on the other
Fatigue Strength
Ability of a material to withstand repeated loading
Toughness
Ability of a material to resist shock or impact loads
Strain
The ratio of the change in length of a material to its original length
Flexibility
The ability of a material to bend stretch or distort without breaking
Elasticity
The ability of a material to return to it’s original length after being deformed without any permanent deformation
Plasticity
The ability of a material to permanently deform without breaking
Malleabillity
The ability of a material to be permanently changed to a new useful shape after being hammered forged pressed or rolled
Creep
Slow plastic flow that occurs over time in a material when it is stressed
Proportional Limit
stress which will. produce a small amount of permanent deformation, generally equal to a strain of 0.002 or 0.2%.
Elastic Limit
The maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent deformation.
Yield Point
the stress beyond which a material becomes plastic.
Ultimate Strenght
is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
Rupture Strenght
a material’s ability to resist deformation under load.
Wrought Iron
A material composed of almost entirely iron with very little or no carbon
Steel
A material composed primarily of iron less that 2% carbon and small percentages of other alloying elements
Low Carbon Steel
A type of steel that contains between .05%-.35% carbon
High Carbon Steel
Steel that contains between .5%-2% carbon
Alloy Steel
A steel that contains more than the average amount of alloying elements which improve the properties of the steel
Low Alloy Steel
Steel with a lower alloy content than other types of alloy steel.
Maraging Steel
A special type of alloy ‘steel containing a high quantity of nickel and a low percentage of carbon
Tool Steel
A classification of high-alloy steel used for applications requiring special properties including high strength hardness shock resistance or high temperature capabilities
Stainless Steel
A classification of alloy steel that has high quantities of chromium and often nickel. It has outstanding corrosion resistance
Spring Steel
A classification of alloy steel that has unusually high elasticity and strength
Cast Iron
A material containing primarily iron, 2-6% carbon and often small amounts of silicon and other elements
White Cast Iron
A very hard, brittle type of cast iron that can be used to produce malleable cast iron
Gray Cast Iron
The most widely type of cast iron
Mallable Cast Iron
A type of cast iron that has higher ductility and tensile strentgh than gray or cast iron
Ductile Cast Iron
A type of cast iron that has higher ductility and tensile strength than gray or white cast iron
Basic Oxygen Furnace
A basic steel making furnace that uses an oxygen blast at supersonic speeds to intensify heat
Bessemer Furnace
One of the basic steel making furnaces. This process uses a furnace in which molten pig iron is refined by a burning gas
Blast Furnace
Large furnace used to convert iron ore into pig iron
Cast Iron
A material containing primarily iron 2-6% carbon and small amounts of silicon and other elements
Cupola
A furnace commonly used in the manufacture of cast iron
Electric Arc Furnace
a furnace that uses an electric arc as a heat source, especially for steelmaking.
Electric Induction Furnace
A furnace used in the manufacture of cast iron. It uses electricity for power
Iron Ore
A mineral that has a high iron content used a s a basic ingredient in the manufacture of iron and steel
Limestone
A mineral mined from the ground used to remove impurities in the manufacture of iron and steel
Open-Hearth Furnace
A basic steel making furnace consisting of a giant hearth exposed to a powerful gas flame.
Coke
Purified coal used in the manufacture of iron and steel
Pig Iron
Semi-refined molten iron produced by the blast furnace
Slag
A product of the iron and steel making furnaces
Steel
A material composed primarily of iron less than 2% carbon, and small percentages of other alloying elements
Body-Centered Cubic
One of the common types of unit cells. This arrangement is typical of the ferritic form of iron
Face-Centered Cubic
Unit cells in which atoms are located on eadch corner and the center of each face of a cube
Body-Centered Tetragonal
This arrangement is typical of the martensitic form of iron
Close-Packed Hexagonal
Iron does not take this crystalline form
Space Lattice
The organized arrangement of atoms in a crystal
Unit Cell
The most fundamental arrangement of atoms in a space lattice
Austenite
One of the basic steel structures wherein carbon is dissolved in iron. It occurs at elevated temperature
Cementite
Very hard structural form of low temperature steel that contains more that .8% carbon
Ferrite
a form of pure iron with a body-centered cubic crystal structure, occurring in low-carbon steel.
Pearlite
A structural form of low-temperature steel that contains a very small percentage of carbon
Eutectic
The minimum temperature at which a liquid alloy transforms into two or more separate solid phase structures
Eutectoid
On an iron carvon phase diagram the point where the upper transformation temperature line, the lower transformation temperature line and the .8% carbon line intersect.
Solidus
a curve in a graph of the temperature and composition of a mixture, below which the substance is entirely solid.
Liquidus
a curve in a graph of the temperature and composition of a mixture, above which the substance is entirely liquid.
Upper Transformation Temperature
Temperature at which the transformation of ferrite pearlite and cementite to austenite is complete and the body centered cubic structure has completely changed to face-centered cubic
Martensite
A very hared strong brittle structure of steel produced when steel is rapidly quenched after having been transformed into austenite
Hypereutectiod
on an iron-carbon phase diagram, the region representing steel that contains less than .8% carbon
Hypoeutectoid
ON an iron-carbon phase diagram the region representing steel that contains less than .8% carbon
