Midterm

Question 1

How do we account for all the variations in human-like forms?

Answer 1

3 levels: Universal (everybody who claims to be human and human like are similar in certain ways), Cultural (i and some others are similar or somehow alike), Idiosyncratic (i am like no other human-like form)

Question 2

Confucious

Answer 2

Ren and Li - Morality
Ren: two persons (capacity to recognize the moral significance of others)
Li: the means by which that moral capacity is manifested in the material world

Question 3

Herodotus

Answer 3

“Father of History”

Question 4

Rousseau and Locke

Answer 4

Changes is regressive

civilization is a fall from the purity of nautre

Question 5

Giovan Batista

Answer 5

responsible for the creation of the social sciences
Humans are responsible for shaping the world they are a part of
Change is cyclical

Question 6

Johann Gottfried von Herder

Answer 6

Folklorist

Articulated the original concepts of culture

Question 7

Herbert Spencer

Answer 7

Broadened Darwins science from just organic evolution to incorporate sociology and psychology
Changed Darwin’s “natural selection” to “survival of the fittest”
Utilitarianism

Question 8

Bastian

Answer 8

Famous concepts of psychic unity of human and mankind
Fundamental and basic to this German way of thinking
Idealist

Question 9

Tylor

Answer 9

First modern Anthropologist – Father of modern anthropology
First to introduce the concept of culture
Culture is rooted in the way we learn to do things
Ideology of progress…emphasis on the general progress of humanity as a whole with Frazer

Question 10

Psychic Unity Doctrine

Answer 10

when people from different areas are faced with the same environmental or structural conditions they will act in a similar way
BASTIAN

Question 11

James Frazer

Answer 11

Classic armchair anthropologist

Ideology of progress…emphasis on the general progress of humanity as a whole with Tylor

Question 12

Karl Marx

Answer 12

labor and historical materialism

Work - what makes us human. Work is the origin and source of our humanity.

Question 13

Max Weber

Answer 13

Meaning in society “iron cage of bureaucracy”
Social action theory
Modern German sociology
Meaningful behavior turns into social action
Believes in law as a fundamental part of civilization

Question 14

Social Action Theory

Answer 14

Max Weber
studies behavior as subjectively meaningful, thus intentionally produced by actors, thus interpreted by other actors, and by observers in order to arrive thereby at a casual explanation of its course and effects.

Question 15

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Answer 15

Max Weber
Why did capitalism develop in the west and nowhere else?
Protestants brought capitalism
Calvinism is the model of his argument

Question 16

Franz Boas

Answer 16

Historical paricularism
cultural/historical relativism
Major American anthropologist
Put himself in the field and on the line for his work
Every culture has its own history language and beliefs
Empiricism, four fields of anthropology
Cultures are unique and incomparable. Not progressive theorist

Question 17

Paul Radin

Answer 17

Life history approach of cultural anthropology
Studied under Boas
Individual

Question 18

Marcel Mauss

Answer 18

WWII vet from the trenches

Theorizes with Malinowski: the theory of The Gift

Question 19

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 19

Psychological functionalist 
Trobrianders (Argonauts of the Pacific)
Intense interest in magic
Society's social functions are such that they satisfy universal individual psychological needs. 
Individual
Broke from the evolutionary approach

Question 20

Radcliffe-brown

Answer 20

Social functionalist
Followed Durkheim
The function of magic is to intensify social actions. society over the individual
Established anthropology as a science

Question 21

Social Anthropology

Answer 21

a natural science
Functionalist approach: functional needs of a social organism.
studies the social systems of empirical observable norm-governed relationships between ‘persons’ and groups beginning with the ‘family’ as the natural unit

Question 22

British Anthropology

Answer 22

Focused more on the social aspect

social-comparative anthropology and sociology are entangled with each other

Question 23

American Anthropology

Answer 23

Focused on culture and cultural anthropology. Followed the tradition of Boas

Question 24

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 24

First American Anthropologist Social evolutionism
Wrote Ancient Society
Wrote about the scale from savagery to civilization (ethnical periods)

Question 25

Social evolutionism

Answer 25

Morgan
Based on the idea that change came first through technological innovation; the effected changes in the way a people made a living, which in turn had an effect on the way they organized their social relations.
Theoretically derived from ideologies of progress and was NOT derived from Darwin

Question 26

Friedrich Engels

Answer 26

BFF of Marx

Question 27

Georg Simmel

Answer 27

Paired with Weber
Influence on German sociology while also gaining a following by Americans
Fate of the individual
The individual is not a fixed phenomenon given that it belongs to society such that it changes with historical changes in society.

Question 28

George Hunt

Answer 28

Worked with Boas
Much of Boas’ work was with the help of Hunt. Hunt put himself on the line for his work and fully submerged himself in the culture of the people he was studying

Question 29

Emile Durkheim

Answer 29

Sociological
Individuals not embedded in the life of a group are prone to egoistic suicide
Religion is the giant mirror in which a society sees themselves
Function of religion is to create social solidarity
Society is of its own kind; a thing apart
Positivism