Midterm Flashcards
How do we account for all the variations in human-like forms?
3 levels: Universal (everybody who claims to be human and human like are similar in certain ways), Cultural (i and some others are similar or somehow alike), Idiosyncratic (i am like no other human-like form)
Confucious
Ren and Li - Morality
Ren: two persons (capacity to recognize the moral significance of others)
Li: the means by which that moral capacity is manifested in the material world
Herodotus
“Father of History”
Rousseau and Locke
Changes is regressive
civilization is a fall from the purity of nautre
Giovan Batista
responsible for the creation of the social sciences
Humans are responsible for shaping the world they are a part of
Change is cyclical
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Folklorist
Articulated the original concepts of culture
Herbert Spencer
Broadened Darwins science from just organic evolution to incorporate sociology and psychology
Changed Darwin’s “natural selection” to “survival of the fittest”
Utilitarianism
Bastian
Famous concepts of psychic unity of human and mankind
Fundamental and basic to this German way of thinking
Idealist
Tylor
First modern Anthropologist – Father of modern anthropology
First to introduce the concept of culture
Culture is rooted in the way we learn to do things
Ideology of progress…emphasis on the general progress of humanity as a whole with Frazer
Psychic Unity Doctrine
when people from different areas are faced with the same environmental or structural conditions they will act in a similar way
BASTIAN
James Frazer
Classic armchair anthropologist
Ideology of progress…emphasis on the general progress of humanity as a whole with Tylor
Karl Marx
labor and historical materialism
Work - what makes us human. Work is the origin and source of our humanity.
Max Weber
Meaning in society “iron cage of bureaucracy”
Social action theory
Modern German sociology
Meaningful behavior turns into social action
Believes in law as a fundamental part of civilization
Social Action Theory
Max Weber
studies behavior as subjectively meaningful, thus intentionally produced by actors, thus interpreted by other actors, and by observers in order to arrive thereby at a casual explanation of its course and effects.
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Why did capitalism develop in the west and nowhere else?
Protestants brought capitalism
Calvinism is the model of his argument
Franz Boas
Historical paricularism
cultural/historical relativism
Major American anthropologist
Put himself in the field and on the line for his work
Every culture has its own history language and beliefs
Empiricism, four fields of anthropology
Cultures are unique and incomparable. Not progressive theorist
Paul Radin
Life history approach of cultural anthropology
Studied under Boas
Individual
Marcel Mauss
WWII vet from the trenches
Theorizes with Malinowski: the theory of The Gift
Bronislaw Malinowski
Psychological functionalist Trobrianders (Argonauts of the Pacific) Intense interest in magic Society's social functions are such that they satisfy universal individual psychological needs. Individual Broke from the evolutionary approach
Radcliffe-brown
Social functionalist
Followed Durkheim
The function of magic is to intensify social actions. society over the individual
Established anthropology as a science
Social Anthropology
a natural science
Functionalist approach: functional needs of a social organism.
studies the social systems of empirical observable norm-governed relationships between ‘persons’ and groups beginning with the ‘family’ as the natural unit
British Anthropology
Focused more on the social aspect
social-comparative anthropology and sociology are entangled with each other
American Anthropology
Focused on culture and cultural anthropology. Followed the tradition of Boas
Lewis Henry Morgan
First American Anthropologist Social evolutionism
Wrote Ancient Society
Wrote about the scale from savagery to civilization (ethnical periods)
Social evolutionism
Morgan
Based on the idea that change came first through technological innovation; the effected changes in the way a people made a living, which in turn had an effect on the way they organized their social relations.
Theoretically derived from ideologies of progress and was NOT derived from Darwin
Friedrich Engels
BFF of Marx
Georg Simmel
Paired with Weber
Influence on German sociology while also gaining a following by Americans
Fate of the individual
The individual is not a fixed phenomenon given that it belongs to society such that it changes with historical changes in society.
George Hunt
Worked with Boas
Much of Boas’ work was with the help of Hunt. Hunt put himself on the line for his work and fully submerged himself in the culture of the people he was studying
Emile Durkheim
Sociological
Individuals not embedded in the life of a group are prone to egoistic suicide
Religion is the giant mirror in which a society sees themselves
Function of religion is to create social solidarity
Society is of its own kind; a thing apart
Positivism
