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Acoustics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

period

A

time to complete one cycle

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2
Q

frequency

A

cycles per second (Hz.); inverse of period (smaller the time, higher the frequency)

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3
Q

frequency=

A

1/period (time)

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4
Q

human hearing threshold

A

20–20K Hz

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5
Q

pure tone propagation

A

compression and rarefaction periods

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6
Q

complex tone

A

2 or more pure tones of different frequencies, added in different ways

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7
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

decomposing waveform into sinusoidal components

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8
Q

time vs. amplitude plot; spectrum; spectrograph

A

time X, amp. Y (waveform); freq. X, amp. Y (glottal source); time X, freq. Y, amp. contrast

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9
Q

Sawtooth wave analysis

A

period waveform can only contain sines which are harmonically related to repetition frequency of original signal. Lowest freq. has to be period of original signal

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10
Q

harmonics

A

integer multiple tones of fundamental frequency: decrease in amplitude and increase in frequency

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11
Q

aperiod sound

A

random, no pattern; broad range of frequencies; also transient signals

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12
Q

resonance

A

frequency at which system vibrates most efficiently if set into motion by external force (res. freq. = natural freq. of a system)

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13
Q

examples of acoustic resonators

A

ported loudspeaker, string and wind instruments

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14
Q

things about decibels

A

base of 10 (log), use exponents to note (=bels); 2 60 dB sounds can’t be simply added together (between 0-66)

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15
Q

pressure measured in? (decibels)

A

micropascals; 20 mPa approximate threshold of hearing at 1K Hz.

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16
Q

best frequencies for human hearing

A

1-4K Hz

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17
Q

phon

A

equally loud contour compared to a dB SPL at 1K Hz

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18
Q

pitch measured in?

A

mels; 1000 mels = 1000 Hz.

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure + volume inversely related; increase in volume=decrease in pressure

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20
Q

expiration relies on:

A

torque of cartilage, gravity, elastic recoil

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21
Q

speech breathing

A

inspiratory muscles involved during expiration

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22
Q

myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

A

elastic properties of VF and onset of vibration with air pressure from lungs; muscle activity (interarytenoids and lateral CA), sublottobal pressure buildup, muscle force, VF open bottom-top, air velocity increases through constriction, VF pressure decreases (Bernoulli), VF close bottom-top

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23
Q

Bernoulli effect

A

as air particle velocity increases, pressure exerted perpendicular to flow of particles decreases (ex: draft in corridor, leaves behind car)

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24
Q

intensity of vibration of VF falls at rate of?

A

12 dB per octave (frequency higher, intensity lower)

25
Q

f0 (rate of vibration of VF) depends on:

A

tension, elasticity, mass

26
Q

things about amplitude

A

increase muscle activity to increase resistance to air flow; increased amplitude without adjustment of muscle activity = higher f0

27
Q

VF layers

A

epithelium, superficial l.p., intermediate, deep, vocalis

28
Q

(cover-body theory) low pitch and amplitude=

A

weak contractions of CT + vocalis, slack body and cover

29
Q

mid pitch and high amplitude=

A

weak CT, strong vocalis, slack cover, stiff body

30
Q

jitter and shimmer

A

perturbation of frequency and amplitude (jitter values high at low amplitudes)

31
Q

electroglottography

A

human tissue conducts electricity better than air, so pass weak current through each side of thyroid. Resistance to flow of current and resulting waveform (Lx) is direct measure of surface contact area of VF

32
Q

Lx (glottal sound source) similar to sawtooth waveform

A

abrupt closure and less abrupt opening

33
Q

formants and f0 vs. f1

A

resonant frequency of the vocal tract; F1= lowest resonant freq. (length of VT); f0=frequency at which VF vibrate

34
Q

source filter theory

A

filter modifies source’s vibration by increasing energy at resonant frequencies (dependent on size, shape, degree of constriction)

35
Q

F1 and F2 of front and back vowels

A

front vowels have wide F1 and F2 (and close F2 and F3), and back vowels have close F1 and F2 (and far F2 and F3)

36
Q

vowel acoustic characteristics

A

frequency, duration, amplitude

37
Q

vowel space

A

2-D or 3-d chart that plots F1 and F2 qualities of vowels, which relate to tongue height and advancement (if F1 on X and F2 on Y, then from top left clockwise we have i, ae, a, u)

38
Q

ALS vowel space

A

collapsed vowel space; restricted tongue movement that probably wouldn’t reach the extreme edges of the vocal tract

39
Q

Peterson and Barney vowel space

A

F1 going up, F2 going down

40
Q

fragile X syndrom vowel space

A

imprecise, lots of variability

41
Q

does increased pitch change the envelope of the spectrum (formants)?

A

no; filter has not changed

42
Q

four aspects of vowel duration

A

phonological duration, postvocalic consonant effect, phrasal position, stress/emphasis (vowel duration can give you info. on vowel and next consonant)

43
Q

tense vowel longer than lax vowels as long as

A

phrasal position, stress, postvocalic consonant, vowel height equal

44
Q

acoustic definition of vowel

A

well-defined resonant frequencies that depend on the constriction (NOT physiology of vowel); openness of vowel tract leads to well defined resonant freq. (formants), which depend on the articulator constrictions; sound source is vibrating VF

45
Q

octave

A

doubling of frequency

46
Q

if amplitude is higher, then the spectral tilt

A

is less sharp, with more high frequency energy (only -6 dB per octave instead of -12)

47
Q

nasal vowels

A

increase in formant bandwidth; decrease in overall energy; introduction of low-freq. res. freq. (nasal cavity); slight increase in F1 and decrease in F2 and F3

48
Q

most open consonants are the

A

glides

49
Q

diphthongs defined by

A

movement (not by single formant structure); dynamic sounds in which articulatory shape of VT changes slowly over course of production; described by onglide (starting formant value) + offglide

50
Q

what happens to F2 after a laryngectomy?

A

it gets higher, maybe b/c vowels articulated with fronted and higher tongue positions relative to normal

51
Q

consonant characteristics

A

more constriction in VT (= less intense, lower amp. sounds); period, aperiodic, or both

52
Q

artic. continuum for stops-glides-diphthongs

A

stop (fast and total constriction); diphthong (slow and open VT); glide in between (main difference in openness and how dynamic; closed VT has less amplitude and high mouth pressure–high freq. filtered out?)

53
Q

tongue up high =?

A

F2 up high

54
Q

/r/ distinguishable by

A

large downward F3 transition

55
Q

/j/ distinguishable by

A

sharply upward sloping F2 transition (high tongue position)

56
Q

/l/ distinguishable by

A

slight downward F2 transition but no slope for F3 or F4 and side-branch in tube model (=anti-resonance as energy is lost into side branch; sudden dip in spectrum)

57
Q

liquids and glides (characteristics)

A

well defined formants; dynamic (not one configuration of articulators); more constricted than vowels

58
Q

perturbation if you have a cold?

A

mucous on one or both VF will increase density and lower frequency/irregular vibration; swelling of larynx also a factor

Acoustics (2 decks)

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