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History of Social Welfare > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

What is social welfare?

A

A nation’s system of programs and services that help meet those social, economic, educational and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of a society.
Also an idea that a decent society provides opportunities for work and human meaning, provides reasonable security from want and assault, promotes fairness and evaluation based on individual merit, and is economically productive and stable.

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1
Q

What is social work?

A

The professional activity of helping individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal.

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2
Q

American Social Values

A
  1. Judaeo-Christian values.
  2. Democratic egalitarianism and individualism.
  3. Protestant work ethic and capitalism.
  4. Social Darwinism
  5. Patriarchy
  6. White privilege
  7. Marriage and the nuclear family
  8. the American Ideal-‘lookism’ and ‘otherness’
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3
Q

What is a social institution?

A

A set of interrelated, interacting concepts, structures, and activities that carry out the necessary functions of society.

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4
Q

Five Major Social Institutions

A
  1. The Economy
  2. The Polity
  3. The Family
  4. Religion
  5. Social Welfare (includes education)
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5
Q

The Economy as a Social Institution

A

all aspects of a society that relate to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
organization of the workforce, employment, and “planned” unemployment to regulate wages and job availability.
Capital, wealth, and taxation.
Planned unemployment–> disability, pension/retirement, minimum age.
Poor and middle-classes are taxed proportionately more than corporations and the wealthy.

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6
Q

The Polity as a Social Institution

A

The exercise of power in a society.
Power can be legal.
Power can be non-legal but coercive.
Bureaucracy–> organizational system of laws, policies, etc.

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7
Q

How are the Polity and the Economy Interrelated?

A

Taxes
Set federal minimum wage
Planned unemployment (Family Leave Act: 12 weeks off with no repercussions; care for family; no pay)

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8
Q

The Family as a Social Institution

A

Is an economic unit, social unity, procreational unit, sometimes mirrors society’s power structure, the normative ideal

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9
Q

Religion as a Social Institution

A

Systems, either organized or unorganized through which people relate to their deity, to their own existence.
Encompasses spiritual and moral values on personal life, work, and dealing with other people.

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10
Q

How are Religion and Family Interrelated?

A

Moral codes, sets expectations, social support network.
Socialization: teaching norms, values, ways of behaving in society.
Social integration: teaching how we relate to each other and act as part of a larger system.

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11
Q

Scope of Social Welfare

A

Life necessity services (fire and rescue, food, shelter…)
Educational, recreational, or rehabilitative services (parks, historical sites…)
Protective or custodial services (Child Protective Services, Elder Care…)
Personal social services (mental health…)

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12
Q

Residual Perspective

A 
Self-sufficiency
Stop-gap measures
Rely on economic fluctuations, family
Means-testing
Worthiness/less eligibility
Emergency/crisis, short-term
Given begrudgingly, with stigma
*PERSON is the problem, not the environment=medical model of social work
*REPUBLICAN/CONSERVATIVE
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13
Q

Institutional Perspective

A

Structural model of social work: problems come from oppressive or inequitable societal structure
Root problems, i.e. classism, racism, sexism
Social welfare should be accessible to all who fit the program’s mandates
No time limit, means-testing, or stigma
No pressure to leave the program
*Many programs have both residual and institutional elements
*DEMOCRATIC/LIBERAL

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14
Q

Charity and Control

A

The person giving is in complete control fo what, how much, or how often the receiver gets
The requirements for welfare, charity, etc…
You’re not in control if you receive
Maintenance of the charity
Is charity a right or privilege?
Funded, in part, by income taxes.
MUTUAL AID AND PROTECTION: Who is your neighbor? (at first it was everyone)

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15
Q

The Protestant Reformation’s Affect on the response to the poor

A

Gave religious legitimation to: capitalism, accumulation of wealth, exploitation of the poor, social stratification, poverty as moral degeneracy, charity was immoral.
1517, Martin Luther in Germany
God wants us to work hard, so those who work the hardest (or have the most) are the best in God’s eyes.
Worthy v. Unworthy: you should always be working because that’s what God wants to see, so you should have wealth

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16
Q

Motivations and Underlying Principles of the Elizabethan Poor Law

A 
Quell riots and restore social order
Eradicate begging and pauperism
Ensure low-wage labor availability
Moral approach to poverty
Principle of less eligibility
Familial responsibility
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17
Q

Categorization of the Poor through Elizabethan Poor Law

A 
Impotent Poor (almshouses, elderly, frail, disabled)
Dependent Children (sold, indentured, sent to orphanages)
Able-Bodied Poor (workhouses)
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18
Q

Realities of Life for Many newcomers to America

A

Poor or limited means
English cast-offs: convicts, political prisoners, beggars, orphans, unemployed, “undesirables”
Many arrived sick, starving
Many arrived destitute; no savings to get them started; could not purchase land, livestock

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19
Q

What was the Colonists’ earliest approach to helping those in need?

A

Each colony had to deal with its poor, sick, mentally ill, disabled, blind, “lazy”
At first, mutual aid: neighbors, community
Until dependency problem grew too large (Boston, Philadelphia, Newport RI)
Need for regulation

20
Q

How did this approach change, and what factors led to this change?

A

Looked to the past and English Poor Laws
Wanted to take care of their own and sustain themselves, but needed more systematic process
No private charitable trusts or religious organizations to manage social welfare
Needed workers for frontier life
Sense of social obligation and community solidarity
Sense of local responsibility
Local self-government
Need was understood as a part of life that needed to be managed
The needy provided a chance for doing good, to serve community and God

21
Q

How were the poor and unemployed treated in Colonial America, and what values and experiences shaped this approach?

A

“For those who indulge themselves in idleness, the express command of God unto us is, that we should let them starve.” (Cotton Mather, Puritan Minister, Boston)
“No idle drone should be permitted to live amongst us.” (Mass. Governor John Endicott, 1619)
Able-bodied unemployed were bound out, whipped publicly, jailed, run out of town
Distinction between worthy and unworthy poor

22
Q

Why did the colonists adopt the Elizabethan Poor Law approach? What made it so applicable for the New World?

A

Colonists shared same cultural past
No private charitable trusts or religious organizations to manage social welfare
Hardships of frontier life–>needed workers
Sense of social obligation and community solidarity
Sense of local responsibility
Local self-government
It was what they knew

23
Q

Neighbors vs. Strangers: the Warning Out system: What was this? Was it fair or unfair? Why or why not? How is it similar to or different from our current response to “strangers”?

A

Community expected to care for its own people who could not care for themselves
Could not afford to care for “outsiders” who might become a burden on that community
Many wanderers, seaborne paupers entering coastal towns
Suspicion, less compassion for strangers
Discouraged or prohibited questionable outsiders from staying in their towns
Laws against hosting strangers in private homes
Let local officials know about visitors

24
Q

According to the social welfare historian Mimi Abramovits, how were women treated in Colonial American society? Which women were considered deserving? Undeserving? What were the implications of marriage, inheritance, and paternity law during that era?

A

LOOK UP

25
Q

What challenges and concerns arose as a result of urbanization and immigration? Be able to explain the issues of: Poverty, Unemployment, Unionization?

A

Poverty:
Unemployment and low wages were devastating and widespread
Periodic economic depressions
Life expectancy declined
3 out of 5 babies born would die
Unemployment and Unionization:
Economic depression after War of 1812
By 1819, 1/3 unemployment
Closing factories–>entire towns unemployed
Falling wages for those with jobs
Inhumane working conditions: Accidents, filthy, dark, brutality
Women made 1/4 of men’s pay
Striking for the 10-hour work day
Families often paid in liquor, tobacco, or company scrip
Employees often indebted to bosses
Pensions rare
Prompted organizing, riots, violence
Band-aid services offered to quell unrest
Organized way to fight against labor issues
Company scrip-goods that the company made
No protection or rights

26
Q

What was urban moral concern, and how did it affect social welfare?

A

Social reformers: guided by need for order
Guided by religious values-fears of vice, difference, the masses
Sought to quell “immorality” of the slums and chaos of the city
Nostalgic for return to quieter times
Used combination of “billy-club coercion” and “moral suasion”
Reformers-people of means; tried to change (partly religious duties)
“Billy-club coercion”: force! (jail)
“Moral Suasion”-talk with poor people, be nice
Poor house=almshouse
Get them out of sight

27
Q

What motivated the reformers?

A

Worried that mobility and industrialization weakened family and community ties
Religious conviction
Altruism
Prosperity for the wealthy provided time and resources for “social experimentation”

28
Q

What types of social reform began?

A 
Poverty
Temperance and other vice
Child labor
Child saving
Women's suffrage
Abolitionism
Criminal justice
Care of the mentally ill
29
Q

How were the mentally ill treated and why?

A 
"Lunatics"
Thought to be possessed by demons
Whipped, shackled, straight jackets, chained to walls, jailed
Sit in their own filth with no clothes
Had no dignity
30
Q

How did care for the mentally ill change?

A

First kept by families: Attics, basements, chained up outside or in outhouses
husbands could have wives committed at their discretion
Public charged admission to view spectacle
Inmates kept in their own filth
No bedding, minimal clothing
Chained up, beaten, whipped
Men and women together; male attendants
“Experimentation”

31
Q

Who was Dorothea Dix?

A 
1802-1887
Had means
Fought for more humane treatment
Want bigger institutions
Leveraged influential friends
Saw overcrowding
Passage of bill to enlarge Worcester Asylum (Western Mass.)
Ten Million Acre Bill-passed Congress but vetoed by Pres. Franklin Pierce, 1851
32
Q

Who was Benjamin Rush?

A

1749-1813
“Father of American Psychiatry”
Advocated more humane treatment of mentally ill
Inspired by Phillippine Pinel:”Moral treatment”
Pushed for kindness, care, occupational counseling, training of staff
Opened first psychiatric ward-Pennsylvania Hospital
Looked at as humans
Mental illness as a disease of the mind, not possession by demons
The tranquilizing chair-to affect blood flow; bleeding, purging

33
Q

How did the concern for soldiers and their families influence attitudes toward social welfare?

A

Starting in 1862-federal government-homes for disabled veterans in the North and South
Aid to widowed women and their children; orphaned children
Extended range of eligible family members to elderly parents of soldiers
Reflected direct public aid on a large scale

34
Q

What did the U.S. Sanitary Commission accomplish? What lasting contributions did it make?

A

Unite and coordinate efforts of voluntary relief societies to provide for the medical and spiritual needs of soldiers
Started as preventative; then distributed medical supplies, provided transport, kept community between soldiers and home
Did the work later assumed by the American Red Cross

35
Q

What did the Freedmen’s Bureau accomplish?

A

For temporary relief
Meant to extend only one year after the war
Got extended for six years; ended 1872
Massive relief agency-rations, employment, settlement, medical, legal aid, founded Black schools
Provided services not available from other services
Demonstrated large-scale relief effort
Most relief progress made in Northeastern agencies for white clientele
Help former black slaves.

36
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A

Self-help is the only solution to poverty

Interference will dilute the strength of the human race

37
Q

How were social welfare needs of Black Americans addressed (or not addressed) by mainstream White society after the Civil War?

A

Some provisions for equality in distribution of relief were built in, but inconsistently followed-“separate but equal” often meant exclusion
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1892)
Some relief agencies in the South, but separate (almshouses, hospital)
Relied on forming own groups, usually originating with local churches
Benevolent societies, women’s clubs, fraternal orders
Gave aid, helped with burial fees, provided for social interaction

38
Q

How did African American communities address their own needs?

A

Private charity stronger than public
Social darwinism
Revived notions that poverty was an individual moral matter: poverty was punishment for laziness

39
Q

Labor and child labor

A

FIND INFORMATION

40
Q

What problems were the targets of Progressive Era reform?

A

Urbanization problems (immigration, poverty, unemployment, vice, labor practices, public health, education, women’s suffrage)

41
Q

Women’s suffrage, temperance movement

A

FIND INFORMATION

43
Q

Charity Organization Society movement: What was the guiding philosophy?

A 
Christian charity
Moral uplift
1. Movement away from dispensing money directly to the poor
2. Record keeping-exchanges, registries
3. Treatment component
44
Q

Charity Organization Society movement: What is one aspect of the movement that continues to influence social work practice today?

A

Micro-level work

Casework

45
Q

What was the Flexner report, and what was its influence on social work?

A

FIND INFORMATION

45
Q

Settlement House movement: What is one aspect of the movement that continues to influence social work practice today?

A

Solidarity
Macro-level
Change policies

46
Q

Settlement House movement: What were the differences between the COS movement and the Settlement House movement?

A 
COS
-targeted individuals/families
-friendly visiting
-treatment
-change the individual
-worthy v. unworthy
-charity
SETTLEMENT HOUSE
-targeted families/communities 
-group work
-social reform
-change society
-all poor people are worthy
-solidarity
48
Q

What was the Flexner report, and what was its influence on social work?

A

1915 lecture at Nation Conference on Charities and Corrections: “Is Social Work a Profession?”
NO
Social work could never become a genuine profession, because it lacked: specific set of skills, an official, written knowledge base, a specific function

49
Q

Charity Organization Society movement: What were its primary methods for addressing poverty and other forms of need?

A
  1. Investigation, organization, centralized record keeping
  2. Friendly visiting: “social therapy”
  3. Intended to eliminate dependence
  4. Negative view of human nature

History of Social Welfare (1 decks)

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