Midterm Flashcards

Question

Explain an artervenous fistula for hemodialysis

Answer 1

A large vein and artery are joined to make a larger vessel that can withstand the high pressure and repeated punctures required for hemodialysis

Answer 2

Like an external shunt placed in a blood vessel. Left closed for blood flow normally, the opened for access during hemodialysis

Answer 3

Osteomalacia Carotenemia Uremic frost on oral tissues

Answer 4

Avoid nephrotoxic drugs or drugs metabolized in kidneys Watch blood pressure Manage coagulative disorders Schedule procedures 24 hours after dialysis Watch out for the shunt Consider patients Hepatitis + Dialysis may remove drugs from blood

Answer 5

``` Bleeding time Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Hematocrit Hemoglobin ```

Answer 6

No cramped positions Avoid injections Avoid long sitting times Don't take blood pressure in the shunt arm

Answer 7

``` Prophylactic antibiotics? Bleeding time Consider extra presurgical dialysis Local hemostasis- avitene Platelet transfusion if needed ```

Answer 8

``` MI- most common cause of death Retinopathy Cataracts Stroke Amputation Renal failure Neuropathy Ulcers Fungal infections ```

Answer 9

Stimulate production of insulin

Answer 10

Inhibit hepatic glucose production

Answer 11

Inhibit carbohydrate absorption

Answer 12

Enhance insulin sensitivity

Answer 13

``` Hunger Weakness Tachycardia Pallor Sweating parasthesia ```

Answer 14

``` Incoherence Uncooperative Belligerence Judgement off Poor orientation ```

Answer 15

``` Unconscious Tonic-clonic movement Hypotension Hypothermia Rapid pulse ```

Answer 16

IV glucose Glucagon Epinephrine if unconscious

Answer 17

- check they've had normal eating/injections that day - have glucose on hand - am appointment better - inform staff about signs of shock - consider antibiotic prophylactic for surgery

Answer 18

If elevated blood sugar and any other complication, do only emergency treatment and refer

Answer 19

``` Caries Perio Odontogenic infections Xerostomia Salivary gland problems Poor healing Candida Lesions Dysplasia Mental health problems and not following dr orders ```

Answer 20

``` Fatigue and malaise Unintentional weight loss Infections Back and abdominal pain Bleeding and bruising ```

Answer 21

``` Hemorrhage Infections Ulcerations Gingival infiltrates and chloromas Lymphadenopathy Neural symptoms ```

Answer 22

Lymphadenopathy- rubbery, firm, not fixed Malaise, fatigue, low grade fever, night sweats Weight loss Pruritis

Answer 23

``` Parent with diabetes History of still births Large babies Obesity >40 Hypertension Lack of regular exercise ```

Answer 24

``` Adverse rxn to epinephrine Cardiac arrhythmia Congestive heart failure Other cardiovascular conditions thyrotoxic crisis precipitated by infections, surgical procedures ```

Answer 25

Exaggerated response to CNS depressants, narcotic analgesics, sedatives Myxedemetous coma precip. by CNS depressants, surgery, infection

Answer 26

``` Graves' disease Toxic multinodular goiter Toxic adenoma Pituitary disorder Pituitary tumor Subacute thyroiditis- leaks hormone Thyroid hormone use Ectopic thyroid Metastatic thyroid cancer Iatrogenic overdose ```

Answer 27

``` Warm moist skin Easy blushing Palmar erythema and sweating Pigmentation Fine thin hair Soft nails ```

Answer 28

``` Retracted lids, stare Lid lag Jerky eye movement Exophthalmos Ocular neuritis Ocular muscle weakness ```

Answer 29

Osteoporosis Weight loss Increased appetite Pernicious anemia

Answer 30

``` Palpitations Increased heart rate Arrhythmias Cardiomegaly Congestive heart failure Angina Myocardial infarction ```

Answer 31

``` Anxiety restlessness Sleep problems Impaired concentration Tremor Weakness ```

Answer 32

``` Restlessness Nausea Vomiting Stomach pain Fever Sweating Tachycardia CHF Stupor Coma Hypotension ```

Answer 33

``` Propythiouracil KI Steroids Hydrocortisone Glucose CPR ```

Answer 34

Surgery Epinephrine Amine pressors Treat acute infections

Answer 35

Adults- myxedema | Children- cretinism

Answer 36

``` Pale Reduced intelligence Goiter Dry skin Large tongue Coarse brittle hair ```

Answer 37

``` Narcotics Tranquilizers Cold Stress Surgery Infections ```

Answer 38

Get medical help Hydrocortisone CPR IV glucose and saline

Answer 39

``` Bence jones proteins in urine Lambda and kappa light chains Skeletal related events- bones are damaged Fever, fatigue, malaise, weight loss Renal dysfunction Peripheral neuropathy Hypercoagulability ```

Answer 40

Plasmacytoma if one location | Multiple myeloma if several

Answer 41

Acute lymphoblastic

Answer 42

Acute myelogenous | Chronic myelogenous

Answer 43

Hematopoietic cell transplant

Answer 44

Chronic Accelerated Blast crisis

Answer 45

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 46

Young adults | Older adults over 55

Answer 47

Itching, redness, rash Jaundice/ other liver problems Nausea and vomiting Dry itchy eyes