Midterm Flashcards
The earliest form of communication through paintings in
Australia (Australian Aboriginal art) 28,000 years old.
Cave Paintings 20,000 B.C.
Southern France
Petroglyphs +4,000 years old
Valley of Fire, Nevada
What is considered to be the earliest civilization?
Egypt
Pyramids in Egypt between 2,700 and 1,500 B.C. are considered the earliest form of what?
communication.
Came right after Egypt in +2,100 B.C.
Ziggurat, Ur
Have been passed on for 1,000s of years and set the foundation for communication today
Letters
Print Revolution Alphabets:
Hieroglyphics
Phoenicians
Greek
Latin
Moveable clay type: 1041 Sankrit- thousands of years old
Chinese
Ground Zero of the planet
Egypt
The key that unlocked the mysteries of hieroglyphics.
Rosetta Stone
These weren’t just pictures they were phonetic sounds. Like seeing a movie with out a movie or hearing the movie.
Hieroglyphics (Egyptians)
The chosen style of writing form in Mesopotamia. Based mainly on sound
Cuneiform
Indus Valley Script
Pakistan- Combine of Hieroglyphics & Cuneiform
Sophisticated seafarers. Use to trade with Greeks.
Phoenician
___________ taught the greeks
Phoenicians
Most of our ideas from from _________.
ancient Rome
_______ was the biggest empire of all time
Rome
The Library at Alexandria
Destroyed by successive fires.
________ empire wobbles at 400 AD.
Roman
Roman Dictator
Caesar
Considered one of the most dramatic events in intellectual history
The Library at Alexandria fire.
The Middle Ages where considered the “dark ages”, why?
There’s no record of what happened for 500 year time span due to the Library fire of Alexandria
information was scarce.
Needed to know _______ (language of the rich)
latin
Written in Germany, mid-12th Cent
Romanesque Document
Made it easier for language to be mass produced. Took a wine press and turned it into a printing press.
Gutenberg press
Developed from the wine press in the Rhine Valley in 1440 – used blocks with a single letter. (Bible 1455)
Gutenberg press by Johannes Gutenberg
First book produced was the _____
bible
The first press rolled ink over raised surfaces of hand-set letters held within wooden form, then pressed against a sheet of paper.
Gutenberg press
Translated Bible while in exile into vernacular, 1534 (Latin to German)
Martin Luther
Plea for the press:
“Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” 1644
People rethinking the way power is centralized.
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” 1644
Natural Law (John Milton)
you don’t need a king. you are born with rights. (U.S.)
Plea for the press:
“Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” “Paradise Lost” 1667
Between 1760s and Revolution
# of newspapers doubles
Hot spots:
- Annapolis
- Boston
- Philadelphia
- New York
- Williamsburg
Philadelphia - lawyers New York -1830 Williams burg - Virginia
printing press hot spots
Largest publishing city in the world
Washing DC
He is considered an American Renaissance man, the founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette, and one of the most successful journalists of his day.
Ben Franklin
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
Poor Richards Almanac
-made with brother
focused on money
Wall Street journal of its day
-“Penny saved is a penny earned”
-“Early to bed early to rise”Ben Franklin
The poor man must walk to get
meat for his stomach, the rich
man to get a stomach to his meat.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
- If Pride leads the Van, Beggary brings up the Rear.
- Be slow in chusing a Friend, slower in changing.
- The cunning man steals a horse, the wise man lets him alone.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
Nothing but Money, Is
sweeter than Honey.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
• Keep thy shop, & thy shop will keep thee. • What’s given shines, What’s receiv’d is rusty.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
Why print both sides?
“That hence arises the peculiar Unhappiness of that Business, which other Callings are no way liable to; they who follow Printing being scarce able to any thing in their way to get a Living, which shall not probably give Offence to some, and perhaps to many.”
Pennsylvania Gazette
“An Apology for Printers,” June 19, 1731 - Ben Franklin
Fair and balanced “Get as many voices involved as possible”
Pennsylvania Gazette
“An Apology for Printers,” June 19, 1731 - Ben Franklin
Why print on both sides?
- save money
- many voices
- increase relationships which will make more money
South Carolina Gazette, 1738
• first female editor/publisher in America • among first female journalists
• contracts with Franklin, Philadelphia
Elizabeth Timothy
Her husband wrote for one of Ben Franks newspapers.
she picked up the paper after he husbanded died.
Nobody knew until they started adding bylines.
No bylines created equal opportunity
Elizabeth Timothy
Too many years of pulling on a hand press often created physical deformities:
• an elongated right arm
• a limping, shambling gait • severe back injuries
or all of the above.
Ancestors overworked and underpaid. Nothing new under the sun?
Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson referred to this man as “the Grand Incendiary of the Province” in 1765.
Sam Adams
radical & a brewer
Sam Adams
Most important radical newspaper. JOHN EDES &
BENJAMIN GILL
Auxiliary newsroom: The Green Dragon Tavern
Contributors known as the Caucus Club: Sam & John Adams, John Hancock, James Otis
The Boston Gazette
The _______________ was the leading radical paper of the Revolution. (most colonist sided with king)
Boston Gazette
British add 10-lbs fee:
• admittance to the bar • taxed legal documents • business papers
• newspapers
The Stamp Act 1765
Stamp master _____________ hung in effigy from the Liberty Tree in Boston.
Andrew Oliver
Mob led by Adams destroys buildings. Then parliament repeals __________ 1766.
Stamp Act
_________ organized a mob and ran British collector out oof town
Sam Adams
Boston Gazette, “Right of Revolution,” 1769
Coverage of Boston Massacre, 1770
Five people killed
Sam Adams
British respond to Boston Massacre with
Marshall Law
- 5 people get shot by British troops.
- Teenage punks yelling “Fire” and throw stuff at British soilders started it
The Bloody Massacre by Paul Revere
“The British are coming”-
also a printer
Paul Revere
As reported in the Gazette, March 12, 1770
They [the boys] took place by the custom house and, continuing to push to drive the people off pricked some in several places, on which they were clamorous and, it is said, threw snow balls. On this, the Captain commanded them to fire; and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequence what it will! One soldier then fired, and a townsman with a cudgel struck him over the hands with such force that he dropped his firelock; and, rushing forward, aimed a blow at the Captain’s head which grazed his hat and fell pretty heavy upon his arm. However, the soldiers continued the fire successively till seven or eight or, as some say, eleven guns were discharged.
The Boston Massacre
_________ stops a lynch mob and organized a trial. British troops acquitted
John adams
He was “the first martyr of the American revolution,” killed by British troops during the Boston Massacre.
Crispus Attucks
- 1/2 african american and 1/2 native american
- 1st death by British
Crispus Attucks
Not the Battle of Lexington or Bunker Hill . . . were more important events in American history than the Battle of King Street, on the 5th of March, 1770. The death of four or five persons, the most obscure and inconsiderable that could have been found upon the continent, has never yet been forgiven in any part of America.
– John Adams, 2nd President, cousin of the rabble-rouser
“Shot heard round the world”
Fighting begins 1775:
Lexington and Concord
American armies try to stop British invasion Results are disastrous (1775/1776)
War with England
If we had a Mt. Rushmore for journalists …
Thomas Paine
Changes the tides of the revolution
Thomas Paine
__________ was a journalist. He edited the Pennsylvania Magazine and wrote most of its contents.
Thomas Paine
Came to the US 1775
Pennsylvania Mag
Bounced around from job to job
Thomas Paine
He helped put these issues on the American agenda: • The end of slavery • Emancipation of women • Abolition of dueling • Prevention of animal cruelty • Equitable divorce laws • Protection for intellectual property
Thomas Paine
Believed in protection for intellectual property. bylines actually mean something and you should get paid.
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
Thomas Paine
First published anonymously in January 1776, it was a propaganda piece without precedent. Why you don’t need a king
Thomas Paine
“The American Crisis”
1776
-Super Bowl audience with a lead to end all leads!
Thomas Paine
70% of people were reading ___________ in 1776
Thomas Paine
These are the times that try
men’s souls. (December 23, 1776)
Thomas Paine
“The American Crisis”
Most famous lead of all time by Thomas Paine
These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in the crisis shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman . . .
The Elements of Style, tried to
rewrite that famous sentence and pondered the great mystery of style.
E.B. White
• Times like these try men’s souls. • How trying it is to live in these times! • These are trying times for men’s souls. • Soulwise, these are trying times.
The Elements of Style by E.B. White
Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; ‘tis dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed, if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated.
E.B. White
_______ publish anonymously
popularized the ideas of natural law
Thomas Paine
_______ attacks King George III directly
Audience: Common people (not the elite)
Why? Most colonists do not initially support Revolution.
Keep in mind the punishments for TREASON
Thomas Paine
Defends French Revolution
Thomas Paine
These Self-Evident “Truths”
show up all over the place in _________’s writings,
Thomas Paine
Men are born free and equal in respect of their rights.
The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of man; liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression.
The nation is the source of sovereignty, and no one
can be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived from it.
French Declaration influenced by T-Paine
_______ populated the langue used in the declaration of indepenece but did not right it.
Thomas Paine
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;
or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The First Amendment
originally: pursuit of happiness =
property (slaves)
1st amendment protects people from
government
John Peter Zenger, The New York Journal, tried for sedition and libel:
Zenger Trial, 1735
Criticized governor of New York William Cosby on behalf of a political faction headed by James Alexander:
Accuses Cosby of rigging appointees, calls him an “idiot,” “Nero,” and a “rogue.”
Zenger Trial, 1735
_______was a journalist (German immigrant)
James Alexander used ______ to write stories about Cosby.
Cosby throws _____ in jail bc he’s the one that wrote it. Cosby issues order to destroy the Journal
Zenger
_______ arrested and imprisoned under a warrant signed by Governor.
Charged with “printing and publishing several seditious libels.”
Jailed for nine months, a
scapegoat …who is usually responsible for content?
Zenger
“Get yourself a Philadelphia lawyer.” __________ of Philadelphia takes case. _______ agrees Zenger printed publications, but sees no reason to deny
“the publication of a complaint which I think is the right of every free-born subject to make.”
Andrew Hamilton
The “bare printing and publishing” of a paper should not be libel; rather, the printed words
themselves must be libelous, that is: false; scandalous; seditious, “or else we are not guilty.” (libel)
Hamilton’s argument in the Zenger trial
The question before the court … is not of small nor private concern, it is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. … No! It may in its consequence affect every freeman that lives under a British government on
the Main of America. … It is the cause of liberty; and I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens; but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny.
Hamilton’s argument in the Zenger trial
Case considered influential in developing First Amendment rights (ratified 1791) (& later libel laws)
Zenger trial. Zenger released.
-May 1776: Recognizes revolutionary assemblies as legal governments
-June 11: Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson & John Adams
Roger Sherman, Conn., Robert Livingston, N.Y.
-July 4: Declaration approved
Continental Congress
“We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
“A popular government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy; or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance; and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge
gives.”
James Madison (letter to W.T. Barry, 4 August 1822)
• First 10 Amendments (1791)
Primarily civil rights – outlines what
the government cannot do.
• Amendments 11-27 (1795-1992) Additional rights/procedural tuning.
The Bill of Rights
Nineteenth Century Press Transformations:
- Commercialization
- Wide-scale production (technology) • Democratization
- Sensationalism
The media goes “mass”
Nineteenth Century
Is the freedom of the
press absolute?
“Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.”
Until the 20th century, you might say no one had made a federal case out of it …
Schenck calls for opposition to the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes suggests speech/the press cannot pose “a clear and present danger” in times of war
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Related case to Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Jay Near publishes scandal sheet attacking local officials:
Charges they’re in with the mob.
(like Vegas in the 50’s ran by the mob pretty much)
Near v. Minnesota, 1931
Minnesota officials obtain injunction to prevent _______ from publishing newspaper:
State law allows action against periodicals.
Jay Near
According to the law:
Any person “engaged in the business” of regularly publishing or circulating a newspaper or periodical that was
“malicious, scandalous and defamatory” or “obscene, lewd, and lascivious”
was
guilty of a committing nuisance and could be stopped.
Chief Justice Hughes: Liberty of the press =
“laying no previous restraints upon publication, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published.”
Key finding: NO prior restraint
Supreme Court “Landmark” Decision in the Near v. Minnesota, 1931 case
Implications that came after Supreme Court “Landmark” Decision in the Near v. Minnesota, 1931 case
1) Extends Bill of Rights to cover federal
government, as well as states. First Amendment
says “Congress shall make no law …” Court holds Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies to states.
2) Court establishes that the government has no power of prior restraint. Government cannot censor the press and prevent publication. Does NOT mean newspapers can’t be held liable for libel – needs to be proven in court.
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
Purpose: Gain support for Constitution Published in New York newspapers
The Federalist Papers, 1787
“propaganda” written to support strong federal government, Hamilton described as “a natural journalist”
The Federalist Papers, 1787
Jefferson concerned about lack of protection against government intrusion
Bill of Rights
Federalist Papers + Bill of Rights =
Republican form of government
Flip side to the Fed papers was the
Bill of rights
Based on the on the idea of representation
Republic
The compromise between the Fed papers and Bill of rights
Pay to DC like Romans paid the capital
You scratch my back ill scratch yours
Republic
Free exchange of newspapers between printers.
Freedom of information = democratic discourse
Post Office Act of 1792
He was the first
Postmaster General.
Ben Franklin
_______ is the most important publisher and was the post master general
Ben Franklin
After the frenzy of the revolution, the press settled into the long period we still call
_________
The Dark Ages of American Journalism.
________ has the power to influence who gets information.
Postmaster
Federalists
EDITOR:
PAPER:
MENTOR:
- John FENNO
- Gazette of the United States
- Alexander Hamilton
Republicans
EDITOR:
PAPER:
MENTOR:
- Phillip FRENEAU
- National Gazette
- Thomas Jefferson
Worked with Jefferson and Supported articles that attacked John Adams.
Freneau
“The poet of the Revolution”
Freneau
Jefferson closely aligned with
French
Federalist Treasurer Chase Manhattan
Alexander Hamilton
All about money. Wanted people to build up credit.
Wanted a national bank
Alexander Hamilton
In the 1790s, one of the causes ________ addressed included a defense of President Adams was in collusion with the British in plotting an invasion of Spanish Florida.
Fenno
At one point, the temperature of the debate grew so high that an opposing editor
attacked Fenno with a cane
The Second First Lady (Very influential)
Abigail Adams
_________ were on the same page at first both of them died on the exact same day 50 years after the signing of the declaration of independence
Jefferson and Adams
________ advocated these:
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
. . . which Freneau, of course, opposed.
Fenno
Federalists (John Adams) restrict freedom of information
Congress, 1789:
Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
According to Federalist leadership: Political opposition =
disloyalty
President Adams signs provisions affecting aliens, freedom of expression:
Extends period of residence necessary to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years (tried to make it harder to become a US citizen )
The Naturalization Act June 18, 1798
President receives powers to deport all males over age 14 who had threatened U.S. territory.
Enemy Alien Act
Illegal to conspire against the government.
Criminalizes publication of
“false, scandalous, and
malicious writing” against government or government officials.
Sedition Act
