Midterm 3 - chapters 8-11

Question 1

What is a “nudge”

Answer 1

• something to “nudge” someone in the right direction, without taking away from their freedom.
• for example, if a company put a small portion of their salary into savings (nudging them in the right direction), unless they opt out (without taking away from their freedom)

Question 2

Event segmentation theory

Answer 2

behavior is perceived and stored as hierarchical structure. complex behavior patterns are broken down into a sequences of simpler events.

Question 3

prospective memory

Answer 3

the ability to remember delayed intentions

Question 4

Three key forms of stability

Answer 4

• Rank order stability:
  maintenance of an individual’s position within a group

-Mean level stability:
constancy in level in the population

• Personality coherence:
• maintaining rank order relative to others….

Question 5

2 defining qualities of personality change

Answer 5

Internal:
changes are internal to the person, and are not external or part of the environment.

Enduring:
changes are enduring over time, not temporary

Question 6

Temprament

Answer 6

• individual differences that emerge very early life, are heritable, and involved behaviors are linked with emotionality
• temperament factors include activity level, smiling and laughter, fear, distress to limitations, soothability, and the duration of orienting.

Question 7

Stability coefficients

Answer 7

• correlations between same measures obtained at two different points in time

Question 8

Validity coefficients

Answer 8

• coefficients between different measures of the same trait at the same time

Question 9

How is activity level measures? (two ways)

Answer 9

• using actometer and independent assesment provided by teachers

Question 10

Culture definition

Answer 10

refers to customs values and behaviors of a nation, ethnic groups, class or time periods.

Different cultures have different social norms

Question 11

birth cohort

Answer 11

people born in the same year

Question 12

generation

Answer 12

people born within an approximate 20 year span, generations are often named.

Question 13

cross-cultural differences

Answer 13

• average variation based on country or world region
• terrain, climate and environmental differences can cause cross-cultural differences
• children are treated differently in different cultures and this is how they learn cultural norms

Question 14

Cultural products

Answer 14

• products your culture produces such as song lyrics, tv shows, advertisements, and books.

Question 15

Mutual constitution

Answer 15

• cultures and individuals constantly interact with each other
• culture shapes the individual, and the individual shape cultures

Question 16

Individualist and collectivist cultures

Answer 16

• in individualist cultures people say “me”
  
  • lone person matters
  • internal attribution, focuses on the behavior of the individual and other qualities of that individual.
  • have higher levels of self-esteem
  • people of higher socioeconomic status are more individualistic
• approach motivation
• in collectivist cultures people say “we”
  
  • context is emphasized
  • external attribution, focuses on the behavior of the individual and the context and setting
  • tend to have lower self esteem
  • people of lower socioeconomic status tend to be more collectivist
• avoidance motivation