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Biology 100 > Midterm #3 > Flashcards

Midterm #3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change at or above the level of species

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2
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A symbol/pattern that represents the evolutionary history of a species/group of species

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3
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species

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4
Q

Ancestor

A

The organism(s) from which later species are derived

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5
Q

Descendants

A

Organisms/species descended from ancestor(s)

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6
Q

Common ancestor

A

Ancestor shared by 2 or more taxa

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7
Q

Lineage

A

Species or taxa related/descended from a common ancestor

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8
Q

Speciation Event

A

Evolutionary “moment” when a new species evolves/arises

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9
Q

Evolutionary relatedness

A

The relative distance of 2 or more brances on the tree

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10
Q

What are the 3 approaches to building phylogenetic trees?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Fossils
  3. DNA
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11
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the structure of organisms

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12
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

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13
Q

examples of homologous features

A
  1. retractable claws in cats
  2. fur in mammals
  3. forelimbs of humans,cats, whales,bats
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14
Q

a pitfall of using homologous features to build phylogenies is the occurrence of what?

A

analogous features

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15
Q

analogous features

A

features that are similar in different species but do not reflect common ancestry

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16
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution of similar features in different lineages

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17
Q

examples of analogous features

A
  1. bat’s wings vs. bird’s wings

2. body shape in fishes and most marine mammals

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18
Q

vestigial trait

A

Feature that is present in a descendant, but has no use. “Remnant” of an ancestral feature

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19
Q

example of vestigial traits

A
  1. whale pelvis/hind limbs
  2. teeth buds in embryos of baleen whales
  3. “gill slits” in human fetuses
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20
Q

Fossil Record

A

The fossil record occasionally provides a direct “observation” of macroevolution.

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21
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

method of dating fossils based upon rate of decay of unstable(radioactive) isotope

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22
Q

isotope

A

atom of a given element that has some number of neutrons that is different from the number of protons and electrons

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23
Q

C14 (radiometric) Dating

A
  • “heavy isotopes”
  • used with dead organic matter
  • half life of C14 is 5730 years
  • useful for dating materials up to 75000 years old
  • c14 measured from the fossil itself
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24
Q

Whale evolution

A
  • reduction or hindlimbs
  • posterior migration of ‘blowhole’
  • draw diagram
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25
Q

molecular clock

A

the concept that certain specific regions of DNA change at a steady rate, such that the nucleotide sequence for 2 or more species become increasingly different with time after a speciation event

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26
Q

C14 half life

A

The rate at which C14 reverts to nitrogen

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27
Q

Half-life

A

The amount of time in which half of a sample or radioactive isotopes reverts to a stable form.

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28
Q

ontogeny

A

development of an organism form 1 cell to the adult form

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29
Q

recapitulate

A

to repeat/summarize

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30
Q

ontogeny recaptiulates phylogeny

A

stage to an adult form

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31
Q

what are the 3 patterns of macroevolution

A
  1. Stasis
  2. Adaptive Radiation
  3. Extinction
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32
Q

Stasis

A

little or no change through time of a lineage

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33
Q

Draw “Stasis” pattern in P-tree

A

DRAW

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34
Q

examples of Stasis

A
  1. crocodile
  2. sharks
  3. Ceolocanth
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35
Q

what environmental conditions promote stasis?

A
  • organism is exquisitely well suited to its environment and natural selection can’t improve the design much
  • the conditions for natural selection are not present’
  • chance mutations or changes to the environment just haven’t occurred
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36
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Abrupt speciation of multiple new species (or taxa) from a very recent common ancestor

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37
Q

Draw Adaptive Radiation shape in P-trees

A

DRAW

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38
Q

examples of adaptive radiation

A

Darwin’s finches

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39
Q

what environment conditions promote adaptive radiation?

A

adaptive radiation occurs when the ancestor species encounters a new and diverse range of environmental conditions such that these descendants gain competitive advantages in each of the different ecosystems by evolving unique adaptations (adaptive traits)

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40
Q

Extinction

A

Permanent loss/disappearance of a species

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41
Q

Draw Extinction shape in P-trees

A

DRAW

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42
Q

examples of extinction

A
  1. stellar’s sea cow
  2. passenger pigeon
  3. thylacine (tazmanian tiger_
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43
Q

what general environment conditions promote extinction?

A
  • organism is outcompeted/predated upon (hunted to extinction by humans)
  • the environment changes abruptly and organism cant adapt quickly enough to S&R
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44
Q

mass extinction

A

global extinction events in which large numbers (>50%) of earth’s species go extinct (Five totatl)

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45
Q

cretaceous extinction

A

caused by meteor 65.5mya

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46
Q

permian extinction

A

caused by volcanic eruptions 251 mya

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47
Q

coevolution

A

evolution of 1 species influences the evolution of another species

48
Q

examples of coevolution

A
  1. hummingbirds and turbular flowers(plant-pollinator)
  2. rough skinned newts and aquatic garter snakes (evolutionary arms race)
  3. marine crabs and snails (evolutionary arms race)
49
Q

plants are descendants of what

A

aquatic green algae

50
Q

what are the 4 groups of plants?

A
  1. Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)
  2. Ferns(seedless vascular plants)
  3. Gymnosperms (vascular plants with seeds no flowers)
  4. Angiosperms (vascular plants with seeds and flowers)
51
Q

what’s an example of bryophytes

A

mosses

52
Q

what’s an example of gymnosperms?

A

conifers, ginko, cycads

53
Q

Do bryophytes have a vascular system

A

no

54
Q

do bryophytes have cuticle

A

no

55
Q

what is the bryophytes dispersal mode

A

spore

56
Q

do bryophytes have sperm with flagellum

A

yes

57
Q

what is the bryophyte seed-bearing structure?

A

None

58
Q

Do ferns have a vascular system?

A

yes

59
Q

do ferns have cuticle

A

yes

60
Q

What is the fern dispersal mode

A

spore

61
Q

Do ferns have a sperm with flagellum

A

yes

62
Q

What is the fern seed-bearing structure?

A

None

63
Q

Do gymnosperms have a vascular system?

A

yes

64
Q

Do gymnosperms have cuticle

A

yes

65
Q

Whats is the gymnosperm dispersal mode

A

Seed

66
Q

Does the gymnosperm have a sperm with flagellum

A

no

67
Q

What is the gymnosperm seed-bearing structure

A

cone

68
Q

Do angiosperms have a vascular system

A

yes

69
Q

Do angiosperms have cuticle

A

yes

70
Q

What is the angiosperm dispersal mode

A

seed

71
Q

Does the angiosperm have a sperm with flagellum

A

no

72
Q

what is the angiosperm seed-bearing structure

A

flower (ovary) develops into fruit

73
Q

Algae

A

photoautotrophic protists,typically aguatic. Ancestors of land plants

74
Q

spore

A

a durable haploid cell that can develop without fertilization. low/no energy supply

75
Q

seed

A

embryo of a plant enclose in a durable coating; with energy supply

76
Q

cuticle

A

a thick waxy coating on plant epidermis (outer tissue)

77
Q

vascular system

A

Plant “circulatory” systerm, though which water, nutrients and sugar flow

78
Q

the thickening of what cells in vascular plants gives them the structural support to grow vertically?

A

xylem

79
Q

where are bryophytes found

A

on floor of forrest, in creeks or streams

80
Q

what are examples of ferns

A

fiddle head, horsetail ferns, midenhair ferns, tree ferns, desert ferns

81
Q

fertilization

A

the union of sperm and egg, producing a zygote

82
Q

bryophytes (size)

A

are small and short

83
Q

how do bryophytes aquire water?

A

through absorption

84
Q

how do ferns acquire water?

A

via transpiration

85
Q

pollen

A

a powder that contains the sperm in gymnosperms and angiosperms

86
Q

pollination

A

delivery of pollen to female cones or the female part of a flower

87
Q

Gymnosperm

A

any vascular plant that reproduces and makes a ‘naked’ seed

88
Q

Angiosperm

A

the seed develops in an enclosed receptacle

89
Q

Draw and label a gymnosperm

A

DRAW

90
Q

Draw and label an angiosperm

A

DRAW

91
Q

What’s an example of plant sexual deception

A

orchids

92
Q

examples of attracting specific pollinators

A
  1. carrion flower
  2. sexual deception
  3. timing of flower opening (moths at night)
  4. flower shape fits body of pollinator (hummingbirds)
93
Q

plant survival and reproduction strategies

A
  1. attracting pollinators
  2. plant defense
  3. maximizing photosynthesis
  4. obtaining water/nutrients
  5. conserving water
94
Q

maximizing photosynthesis

A
  • heliotrophism

- flattened leaves arrayed to maximize sun exposure

95
Q

examples of physical plant defense

A
  • cacti spines
  • thick bark
  • sap
  • acacia spines
96
Q

examples of chemical plant defense

A

cassava plant produces edible root tubers, grown as a crop in S.America and Africa but the tubers contain cyanide to deter herbivory

97
Q

obtaining waters/nutrients

A
  • root hairs
  • storage roots
  • symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi
  • carnivory (pitcher plant, venus fly trap)
98
Q

conserving water

A
  • cuticle
  • fine hairs
  • reflective coloration
  • leaf surface area/volume ratio
  • stomata that open and close
99
Q

characteristics of Fungi

A
  • chitin cell walls
  • multicellular (except yeast)
  • extracellular digestion
  • heterotrophic
  • domain eukarya
100
Q

mycology

A

the biological study of fungi

101
Q

mushroom

A

the spore-bearing fruiting body of many fungi

102
Q

mycelium

A

non-reprodcuctive body of a fungus

103
Q

hyphae

A

2 or more hypha

104
Q

hypha

A

individual thread of fungi cells connected from end to end

105
Q

ecology of fungi

A
  1. Decomposers (Saprophyte)

2. Symbiotic Fungi

106
Q

symbiosis

A

close physical relationship between 2 or more organisms

107
Q

saprophytes

A

fungi that feed off of organic matter

108
Q

examples of saprophytes

A
  • oyster mushroom fungus
  • shitake muchroom fungus
  • common store-bought ‘button’ mushroom
109
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A
  1. mutualism
  2. commersalism
  3. parasitism
110
Q

mutualism

A

both specifies benefit

111
Q

examples of mutualism

A
  • lichens(fungus and alga)
  • mycorrhizal symbiosis (fungi)
  • obligate symbiosis
112
Q

commersalism

A

one partner benefits; the other is not affected

113
Q

example of commersalism

A

gut-inhabiting fungi

114
Q

parasitism

A

one partner benefits; the other suffers

115
Q

examples of parasitism

A
  • irish potato blight (phytophthora infestants)
  • phytophthora cinnomami (avocado)
  • cordyceps (animals)

Biology 100 (1 decks)

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