Midterm #3 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Define Macroevolution
A
Evolutionary change at or above the level of species
2
Q
Phylogenetic Tree
A
A symbol/pattern that represents the evolutionary history of a species/group of species
3
Q
Phylogeny
A
The evolutionary history of a species
4
Q
Ancestor
A
The organism(s) from which later species are derived
5
Q
Descendants
A
Organisms/species descended from ancestor(s)
6
Q
Common ancestor
A
Ancestor shared by 2 or more taxa
7
Q
Lineage
A
Species or taxa related/descended from a common ancestor
8
Q
Speciation Event
A
Evolutionary “moment” when a new species evolves/arises
9
Q
Evolutionary relatedness
A
The relative distance of 2 or more brances on the tree
10
Q
What are the 3 approaches to building phylogenetic trees?
A
- Morphology
- Fossils
- DNA
11
Q
Morphology
A
The study of the structure of organisms
12
Q
Homologous Structures
A
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
13
Q
examples of homologous features
A
- retractable claws in cats
- fur in mammals
- forelimbs of humans,cats, whales,bats
14
Q
a pitfall of using homologous features to build phylogenies is the occurrence of what?
A
analogous features
15
Q
analogous features
A
features that are similar in different species but do not reflect common ancestry
16
Q
convergent evolution
A
evolution of similar features in different lineages
17
Q
examples of analogous features
A
- bat’s wings vs. bird’s wings
2. body shape in fishes and most marine mammals
18
Q
vestigial trait
A
Feature that is present in a descendant, but has no use. “Remnant” of an ancestral feature
19
Q
example of vestigial traits
A
- whale pelvis/hind limbs
- teeth buds in embryos of baleen whales
- “gill slits” in human fetuses
20
Q
Fossil Record
A
The fossil record occasionally provides a direct “observation” of macroevolution.
21
Q
Radiometric Dating
A
method of dating fossils based upon rate of decay of unstable(radioactive) isotope
22
Q
isotope
A
atom of a given element that has some number of neutrons that is different from the number of protons and electrons
23
Q
C14 (radiometric) Dating
A
- “heavy isotopes”
- used with dead organic matter
- half life of C14 is 5730 years
- useful for dating materials up to 75000 years old
- c14 measured from the fossil itself
24
Q
Whale evolution
A
- reduction or hindlimbs
- posterior migration of ‘blowhole’
- draw diagram
25
molecular clock
the concept that certain specific regions of DNA change at a steady rate, such that the nucleotide sequence for 2 or more species become increasingly different with time after a speciation event
26
C14 half life
The rate at which C14 reverts to nitrogen
27
Half-life
The amount of time in which half of a sample or radioactive isotopes reverts to a stable form.
28
ontogeny
development of an organism form 1 cell to the adult form
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recapitulate
to repeat/summarize
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ontogeny recaptiulates phylogeny
stage to an adult form
31
what are the 3 patterns of macroevolution
1. Stasis
2. Adaptive Radiation
3. Extinction
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Stasis
little or no change through time of a lineage
33
Draw "Stasis" pattern in P-tree
DRAW
34
examples of Stasis
1. crocodile
2. sharks
3. Ceolocanth
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what environmental conditions promote stasis?
- organism is exquisitely well suited to its environment and natural selection can't improve the design much
- the conditions for natural selection are not present'
- chance mutations or changes to the environment just haven't occurred
36
Adaptive Radiation
Abrupt speciation of multiple new species (or taxa) from a very recent common ancestor
37
Draw Adaptive Radiation shape in P-trees
DRAW
38
examples of adaptive radiation
Darwin's finches
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what environment conditions promote adaptive radiation?
adaptive radiation occurs when the ancestor species encounters a new and diverse range of environmental conditions such that these descendants gain competitive advantages in each of the different ecosystems by evolving unique adaptations (adaptive traits)
40
Extinction
Permanent loss/disappearance of a species
41
Draw Extinction shape in P-trees
DRAW
42
examples of extinction
1. stellar's sea cow
2. passenger pigeon
3. thylacine (tazmanian tiger_
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what general environment conditions promote extinction?
- organism is outcompeted/predated upon (hunted to extinction by humans)
- the environment changes abruptly and organism cant adapt quickly enough to S&R
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mass extinction
global extinction events in which large numbers (>50%) of earth's species go extinct (Five totatl)
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cretaceous extinction
caused by meteor 65.5mya
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permian extinction
caused by volcanic eruptions 251 mya
47
coevolution
evolution of 1 species influences the evolution of another species
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examples of coevolution
1. hummingbirds and turbular flowers(plant-pollinator)
2. rough skinned newts and aquatic garter snakes (evolutionary arms race)
3. marine crabs and snails (evolutionary arms race)
49
plants are descendants of what
aquatic green algae
50
what are the 4 groups of plants?
1. Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)
2. Ferns(seedless vascular plants)
3. Gymnosperms (vascular plants with seeds no flowers)
4. Angiosperms (vascular plants with seeds and flowers)
51
what's an example of bryophytes
mosses
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what's an example of gymnosperms?
conifers, ginko, cycads
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Do bryophytes have a vascular system
no
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do bryophytes have cuticle
no
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what is the bryophytes dispersal mode
spore
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do bryophytes have sperm with flagellum
yes
57
what is the bryophyte seed-bearing structure?
None
58
Do ferns have a vascular system?
yes
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do ferns have cuticle
yes
60
What is the fern dispersal mode
spore
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Do ferns have a sperm with flagellum
yes
62
What is the fern seed-bearing structure?
None
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Do gymnosperms have a vascular system?
yes
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Do gymnosperms have cuticle
yes
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Whats is the gymnosperm dispersal mode
Seed
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Does the gymnosperm have a sperm with flagellum
no
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What is the gymnosperm seed-bearing structure
cone
68
Do angiosperms have a vascular system
yes
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Do angiosperms have cuticle
yes
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What is the angiosperm dispersal mode
seed
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Does the angiosperm have a sperm with flagellum
no
72
what is the angiosperm seed-bearing structure
flower (ovary) develops into fruit
73
Algae
photoautotrophic protists,typically aguatic. Ancestors of land plants
74
spore
a durable haploid cell that can develop without fertilization. low/no energy supply
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seed
embryo of a plant enclose in a durable coating; with energy supply
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cuticle
a thick waxy coating on plant epidermis (outer tissue)
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vascular system
Plant "circulatory" systerm, though which water, nutrients and sugar flow
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the thickening of what cells in vascular plants gives them the structural support to grow vertically?
xylem
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where are bryophytes found
on floor of forrest, in creeks or streams
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what are examples of ferns
fiddle head, horsetail ferns, midenhair ferns, tree ferns, desert ferns
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fertilization
the union of sperm and egg, producing a zygote
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bryophytes (size)
are small and short
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how do bryophytes aquire water?
through absorption
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how do ferns acquire water?
via transpiration
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pollen
a powder that contains the sperm in gymnosperms and angiosperms
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pollination
delivery of pollen to female cones or the female part of a flower
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Gymnosperm
any vascular plant that reproduces and makes a 'naked' seed
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Angiosperm
the seed develops in an enclosed receptacle
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Draw and label a gymnosperm
DRAW
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Draw and label an angiosperm
DRAW
91
What's an example of plant sexual deception
orchids
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examples of attracting specific pollinators
1. carrion flower
2. sexual deception
3. timing of flower opening (moths at night)
4. flower shape fits body of pollinator (hummingbirds)
93
plant survival and reproduction strategies
1. attracting pollinators
2. plant defense
3. maximizing photosynthesis
4. obtaining water/nutrients
5. conserving water
94
maximizing photosynthesis
- heliotrophism
| - flattened leaves arrayed to maximize sun exposure
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examples of physical plant defense
- cacti spines
- thick bark
- sap
- acacia spines
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examples of chemical plant defense
cassava plant produces edible root tubers, grown as a crop in S.America and Africa but the tubers contain cyanide to deter herbivory
97
obtaining waters/nutrients
- root hairs
- storage roots
- symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi
- carnivory (pitcher plant, venus fly trap)
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conserving water
- cuticle
- fine hairs
- reflective coloration
- leaf surface area/volume ratio
- stomata that open and close
99
characteristics of Fungi
- chitin cell walls
- multicellular (except yeast)
- extracellular digestion
- heterotrophic
- domain eukarya
100
mycology
the biological study of fungi
101
mushroom
the spore-bearing fruiting body of many fungi
102
mycelium
non-reprodcuctive body of a fungus
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hyphae
2 or more hypha
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hypha
individual thread of fungi cells connected from end to end
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ecology of fungi
1. Decomposers (Saprophyte)
| 2. Symbiotic Fungi
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symbiosis
close physical relationship between 2 or more organisms
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saprophytes
fungi that feed off of organic matter
108
examples of saprophytes
- oyster mushroom fungus
- shitake muchroom fungus
- common store-bought 'button' mushroom
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3 types of symbiosis
1. mutualism
2. commersalism
3. parasitism
110
mutualism
both specifies benefit
111
examples of mutualism
- lichens(fungus and alga)
- mycorrhizal symbiosis (fungi)
- obligate symbiosis
112
commersalism
one partner benefits; the other is not affected
113
example of commersalism
gut-inhabiting fungi
114
parasitism
one partner benefits; the other suffers
115
examples of parasitism
- irish potato blight (phytophthora infestants)
- phytophthora cinnomami (avocado)
- cordyceps (animals)
