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Animal Diversity > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cladogram function

A
  • hypothesis of relationships
  • implies sequence of evolutionary change
  • may change depending on new information
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2
Q

Major changes in Vertebrae cladogram

A

Agnatha (Myxini (hagfish) and Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys))
Placoderms
Acanthodii
Divide of Chondrichthyes and Teleostomi

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3
Q

How many species of vertebrates

A

less than 60 000

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4
Q

how many sub-phylum of vertebrates

A

only 1

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5
Q

Top threats of extinction

A

Habitat loss and degradation
Food systems - agriculture, fisheries, bycatch, pollution
Climate change - temperature, acidification, water, phenology
Species overexploitation - hunting, harvesting, poaching, bycatch

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6
Q

chordate characteristics

A 
Notochord
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal Pouches/Slits
Endostyle/ Thyroid Gland
Muscular Postanal Tail
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7
Q

Notochord

A

Rodlike, semirigid tissue enclosed in a sheath
Hydroskeleton
Muscles on either side bend notochord and body
First skeleton in embryos
In many vertebrates it persists through life
In most, replaced by vertebrae

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8
Q

Postanal Tail

A

Helps with swimming along with the notochord

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9
Q

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

A

Invertebrates: ventral to gut
Chordates: dorsal to gut
Anterior end = brain in vertebrates
Ectodermal origin
Hollow tube of cells, enlarges at posterior end to form brain
Precursor to the CNS in chordates
Passes through neural arches of vertebrae

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10
Q

Pharyngeal Pouches and Slits

A

Form of segmentation
Perforations from gut to outside in throat region
Filter feeding apparatus in early vertebrates
Gas exchange function later
Seen in all embryos
In tetrapods the arches give rise to: voice box, trachea, tongue support, middle ear and Eustachian tube

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11
Q

Endostyle or Thyroid Gland

A

Produces mucus for filter feeding, travels up the gill arches
Includes cells that produce thyroxine
Thyroid gland is derivative of endostyle

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12
Q

Protochordata

A

Cephalocordata (lancelets)

Urochordata (tunicates)

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13
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A 
Amphioxus or Branchiostoma genus names
Lancelets
Poster chordates - show all characteristics of chordates throughout all stages of life
Burrow, seldom swim
Filter Feeding pharynx
Mucus from Endostyle traps food
Marine
Around 30 species
Closed circulatory system (no heart)
Body surface respiration 
No head or brain
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14
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A 
Tunicates
Tunic = cellulose, surrounds them
Filter feeders
No cephalization or circulation
Only endostyle and pharynx remain in adult
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15
Q

Class Ascidiacea

A 
Tunicate, subphylum urochordata
3 distinct forms
- Compound
- Colonial
- Solitary
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16
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A 
Larger and more active (swimming)
Often predatory
Neural crest
Tri-partite brain (fore, mid and hindbrain)
Cranium around brain
HOX gene duplication
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17
Q

Ostracoderms

A

Devonian armoured fish (extinct)
Heterostracans
Osteostracans
Anaspida

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18
Q

Myxiniformes

A 
Hagfish aka slime hag
Earliest branch of vertebrates? 
around 70 species
no scales, no bone, no vertebrae, no paired fins
slime (mucus)
No jaw but protrusible tongue, keratinous teeth
Knots for feeding (flexible notochord)
Deep sea scavengers, new whalefall
Hagfish fishery small
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19
Q

Lampreys (Petromyzontida)

A

Adult mouth sucker with keratinous teeth
Diet of Body fluids
Sea lamprey on lake trout

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20
Q

Lamprey life cycle

A

adults often ectoparasites
many adults remain filter feeders
larvae always filter feeders

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21
Q

What are jaws derived from?

A

Gill support arches

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22
Q

Gnathostomes

A

all vertebrates except myxini and cephalaspidomorphi

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23
Q

New characteristics of Gnathostomes

A

Jaws and teeth
Paired fins
Stomach
Predation

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24
Q

Shark vibration sensors

A

Have lateral lines that are lines of sensors along the head
Canals sunk down below surface open to the outside through pores with sensory cells on the inside
Pick up movement in water sending electrical signals

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25
Q

Shark Electrical Field Sensors

A

Pick up small electrical fields put out by prey in their muscle contractions, heart cells, etc
Ampulla of Lorenzini

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26
Q

Shark Jaw

A

Upper jaw not fixed to skull

Upper jaw moves down and forward for feeding

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27
Q

2 main groups of sharks

A

Galeomorpha

Squalomorpha

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28
Q

Galeomorpha

A

1/2 shark group
Pelagic (upper)
Feeding, swimming, catching at high rate
Great white, hammerhead, tiger sharks

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29
Q

Squalomorpha

A

1/2 shark group
Benthic (deeper colder)
Longer and thinner with lower metabolic rate
Dogfish, sawshark, etc

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30
Q

Sharks mating

A

Internal fertilzation
Male sharks have Claspers
Oviparous and viviparous

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31
Q

Ray reproduction

A

viviparous

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32
Q

Skate reproduction

A

oviparous

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33
Q

what would help decrease shark bycatch

A

circle hooks instead of J hooks

no hooks in shallow water only deep water

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34
Q

elasmobrachii

A

sharks, skates and rays

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35
Q

chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish
Elasmobrachii (sharks, skates, rays)
Holocephali

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36
Q

Batoids

A 
mostly skates and rays
Skates have tail fins
Rays have spines (can inject venom)
Mouth on bottom
Crushing teeth (Crustaceans)
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37
Q

Guitar fish Teeth

A

Batoid
In whorls like sharks
flattened from crushing hard prey
mouth is protrusible like sharks

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38
Q

Torpedo ray

A

Electric rays
>200V produced by modified pectoral muscles
Used to stun prey

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39
Q

Manta Ray

A

World’s largest ray

pelagic filter feeder unlike most rays

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40
Q

Holocephali (Chimaera, aka rabbitfish)

A

Outgroup of elasmobranchii
Seldom seen
Deep water, benthic
Crushing teeth, eat shelled invertebrates

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41
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes
Have exoskeleton
Dermal skeleton: outerskull, operculum, fin rays, scales, teeth
Internal skeleton (Endoskeleton): vertebrae with centrum, braincase, ribs, fin girdles

42
Q

Scales

A

Placoid scales (cartilaginous fish)
Ganoid scales
Cycloid scales
ctenoid scales

43
Q

Osteichthyes scales

A

Living bone not external covering
All fish scales are internal to the epidermis
Outside scales is living layer of tissue

44
Q

Respiration in water

A
  • Fish have to keep flow of water over gills
    Each of the 4 gill arches has a lot of gill filaments attached increasing SA
    Each filament has smaller lamellae
45
Q

Countercurrent gas exchange

A

Osteichthyes
Single direction of water flow and single direction of blood flow in the opposite direction
Continuous flow, more efficient than lungs

46
Q

Ion balance in freshwater fish

A

Kidneys that dump the excess water that comes in through osmosis
Lose ions with the water
Gills pick up ions from freshwater to make up for lost ions of water moving

47
Q

Ion balance in salt water

A

Fish always dehydrating
Drink the seawater
Move water across membrane by osmosis, absorb the salt so they can absorb water
Too much salt, have gills that dump salt outside

48
Q

Teleosts

A

Most Osteichthyes
Swim bladder
Gas gland

49
Q

Swim bladder

A

Teleosts
Derived from lung?
Buoyancy control
specialized O2 secretion and absorption

50
Q

Gas Gland

A

Teleosts

Secretes oxygen into swim bladder as the fish goes down in the water

51
Q

Hearing in Fish

A

Weberian ossicles

52
Q

Swimming

A

Bending central axis giving a wave in the body
Wave smallest at front, increases in amplitude
Push sideways on water
Opposite reaction force
Forward component: thrust

53
Q

Bowfish

A

Undulation in dorsal fin

Allows fish to move forwards and backwards

54
Q

Box swimmers

A

Body shape increases stability in turbulent flow

Toxic skin

55
Q

Ram feeding

A

Big food, big mouth, less suction

Fish moves forward at the same time the mouth opens and suction developed

56
Q

Fish Reproduction

A

Broadcast spawning
Males and females in close proximity
Females release eggs and males release sperm
External Fertilization

57
Q

Orange Roughy

A

Poster fish for marine fisheries conservation
Long life, slow growth, late maturity
Cannot stand huge amount of fishing pressure

58
Q

Anadromous

A

Salmon
Born in the freshwater but migrate to salt water to grow to adults
Migrate back to freshwater to spawn

59
Q

Catadromous

A

Eels
Born in salt water but migrate to freshwater where they grow into adults
Migrate back to ocean to spawn
Spend most of their lives in freshwater

60
Q

Sarcopterygia

A

Lobe-finned fishes

Other major fish branch, includes tetrapods

61
Q

Lungfish

A 
Sarcopterygii
Closest living relatives to tetrapods
Neoceratodus
Protopterus
Lepidosiren
All entirely aquatic
62
Q

Amphibians

A

Frogs and toads
Salamanders
Caecilians

63
Q

Acanthostega

A

First known tetrapod

Fully aquatic

64
Q

Icthyostega

A

First known tetrapod
On land
7 toes
Unable to put hind foot on ground

65
Q

Lissamphibia

A

Modern amphibians
Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
No marine amphibians

66
Q

Shared characteristics of Lissamphibia

A 
Loss of scales, skin structure
Green rods in eyes
Fat bodies
Pedicellate teeth
Four fingers
67
Q

Greatest Diversity of Amphibians

A

warm, moist areas

no native amphibians in NL

68
Q

Lissamphibia skin

A

Smooth, scaleless, thin, uncornified, glandular
Defense (poison)
Breathe through skin (cutaneous respiration)
Ion exchange, water uptake
Living layer on outside need to be moist and keep mucus covering it

69
Q

Bufo Americanus

A

Poison glands extra large in toads

70
Q

Skin circulation in frogs

A

Skin is a major respiratory organ in frogs
Very thin epidermis
Lots of blood vessels

71
Q

Cutaneous vein in bullfrog

A

Returns oxygenated blood to heart

72
Q

Overwintering bullfrogs

A

No oxygen in mud
Frogs just under ice in water at the edge of the pond
Or freeze, found under lead coverings

73
Q

Anurian Feeding Tongue Protrustion

A

Lip down the lower jaw which flips out the tongue thats attached at the front
Sticky tongue

74
Q

Salamander Tongue Protrusion

A

hyoid shoots forward carrying tongue

hyoid ejected out of the mouth

75
Q

Anuran skeleton

A

Specialized for jumping
Short rigid vertebral column
Large webbed hind feet for swimming

76
Q

Tree Frogs

A

Modified feet
Toe pads and reduced webbing
Wet adhesion to conform to rough surfaces

77
Q

Borneo gliding frog

A

Webbed front feet

78
Q

Where do tadpoles live

A

water

aquatic

79
Q

What do adult anurans eat

A

carnivores

80
Q

What do anuran tadpoles eat

A

usually herbivorous

81
Q

Characteristics of anuran tadpole

A

have gills and a tail and no legs and specialized mouthparts for feeding (herbivorous)

82
Q

metamorphosis of anuran tadpoles

A

lose the tail and grow legs

grow into an adult

83
Q

Fertilization of anurans

A

external

not broadcast spawning

84
Q

Symbiosis between algae and salamander eggs

A

algae lives inside salamander eggs

During the day the algae produces oxygen and at night both the algae and egg are consuming the oxygen

85
Q

Tree frog eggs

A

Eggs laid on leaf only in 100% humidity in tropics
Don’t go back to water to reproduce
If predator comes the tadpoles hatch and drop into water

86
Q

Reproduction varients among anurans

A

South American pygmy marsupial frog
Surinam frog
Poison arrow frog
Darwin’s frog

87
Q

South American pygmy marsupial frog

A

carries tadpoles on its back in pouch

88
Q

Surinam frog

A

Direct developing eggs kept in pouches on back

No larval stage

89
Q

Poison Arrow Frog

A

Tadpoles stuck to back not in pouch

90
Q

Darwin’s Frog

A

Direct developing eggs in vocal pouch

91
Q

Urodele Life cycle

A

Adult terrestrial Stage
Redevelop swimming tail form to mate in water
Internal Fertilization
Aquatic larvae with swimming tail
Mostly carnivorous in water
Metamorphosis to lose gills and tail changes shape

92
Q

Feeding of Urodele larvae

A

carnivorous

93
Q

Metamorphosis of Urodele

A

Loses gills and tail changes shape

goes back to land

94
Q

Plethodontid salamander

A

Most common NS salamander
Lungless - breath through skin
Incubate eggs
Mostly terrestrial - don’t breed in water

95
Q

Caecilians

A 
Tropical
Lissamphibia
No legs
Breed and support embryos on land
Oviparous (25%)
Viviparous (75%)
In leaf litter or shallow water
96
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A

Fungal disease

Damages skin of Lissamphibia and they die

97
Q

Common Laboratory Frog - Xenopus laevis

A

Africian clawed frog
Possible vector for Chytridiomycosis
Only group of amphibian that has claws

98
Q

Causes of Worldwide amphibian decline

A 
Chytridiomycosis
UV exposure
habitat destruction
pesticides and pollution
parasite infection
99
Q

Bufo marinus

A

Worldwide invader
Cane toad
Ate anything they could fit in their mouths
in australia

100
Q

3 classes of tunicates

A

Ascidiacea (little bag) - sea squirts
Appendicularia (ghost larva)
Thaliacea (luxuriant) - salps

Animal Diversity (1 decks)

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