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remote sensing > midterm 2nd lesson > Flashcards

midterm 2nd lesson Flashcards

1
Q

Employs polynomial regression equations of different
degrees to relate image coordinates and their
corresponding map coordinates

A

POLYNOMIAL

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2
Q

A form of rectification that corrects for terrain
displacement using a DEM of the study area

A

ORTHORECTIFICATION

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3
Q

Use methods based on statistical operations:
“Ground Control Point rectification” _________________

A

(Star & Estes
1990).

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4
Q

The distance between the GCP reference
coordinate and the curve is expressed as the
__________________________

A

Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)

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5
Q

Due to time taken to build an image as the
sensor scans the earth surface features

A

Earth Rotation

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6
Q

is the application of a coordinate
system in the image

A

RECTIFICATION

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7
Q

refers to assigning map
coordinates to image data

A

Georeferencing

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8
Q

In relatively flat areas, this is not necessary, but
in mountainous areas (or on aerial photographs
of buildings), where a high degree of accuracy is
required.

A

ORTHORECTIFICATION

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9
Q

Because data are sampled at regular intervals,
this produces ________ distortion

A

along-scan distortion

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10
Q

Forms the preparatory phase for later analysis

A

Image Rectification and Restoration
(Pre-Processing)

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11
Q

uses the weighted average
of 16 pixels to resample
the image; the processing
is significantly the slowest

A

Cubic Convolution

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12
Q

To correct image data for distortions or
degradations that stem from the image acquisition
process

A

Image Rectification and Restoration
(Pre-Processing)

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13
Q

can be used on very distorted
aerial photographs

A

4th-order transformations

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14
Q

__________, by definition, involves
__________, since all map projection systems
are associated with map coordinates.

A

rectification, georeferencing

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

The mirror scanning rate is usually not constant
across a given scan, producing along-scan
geometric distortion

A

Mirror Scan Velocity Variance

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17
Q

The process of correcting non-linear distortions is also known
as ___________.

A

rubber-sheeting

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18
Q

The warping fits triangles to the irregularly spaced
GCPs and interpolates values to the output grid.

A

TRIANGULATION

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19
Q

The image is stretched to fit most of the coordinates.

A

Rubber-sheeting

20
Q

Errors are given as________ error
that denote difference between output location for a
GCP and the real coordinates for the same point
when the point is recalculated via a matrix of
transformation

A

RMS(Root Mean Square)

21
Q

registration involves
georeferencing only if the reference image is
already georeferenced

A

Image-to-image

22
Q

To perform RST warping, you need ________________
GCPs.

A

three or more

23
Q

The ground area imaged is proportional to the
tangent of the scan angle rather than to the angle
itself

A

Panoramic Distortion

24
Q

e.g. Adjust DNs for effect of hazy atmosphere

A

Radiometric correction or preprocessing

25
Q

If the speed of the platform changes, the ground
track covered by successive mirror scans changes,
producing along-track scale distortion

A

Platform Velocity

26
Q

Due to spacing of detectors and regular sampling

A

Panoramic Distortion

27
Q

can be used to convert Lat/Lon
data to a planar projection, for data covering a large area (to
account for the Earth’s curvature), and with distorted data
(for example, due to camera lens distortion).

A

2nd-order transformations

28
Q

effect of platform position and attitude variations

A

altitude
spacecraft velocity
pitch
roll
yaw

29
Q

Correcting for geometric distortions due to sensor-Earth
geometry variations (e.g. Earth’s rotation), and
conversion of the data to real world coordinates (e.g.
latitude and longitude) on the Earth’s surface.

A

Geometric correction

30
Q

Statistical approach establishes mathematical
relationship between image coordinates and their
corresponding map coordinates using standard
statistical procedures by means of a GCP data set.

A

GCP Rectification

31
Q

the distances between the source
and retransformed coordinates in one direction
shown for each GCP.

A

Residuals

32
Q

Many factors contribute to the distortions, what are these?

A

▫ Cross-track scan error
▫ Curvature of the earth
▫ Panoramic distortion
▫ Scan Skew
▫ Earth rotation
▫ Platform velocity
▫ Mirror scan velocity

33
Q
  • ___________________ arise from
    ▫ Sensor system’s attitude, velocity, and altitude
    ▫ Can be corrected only through the use of ground
    control points (GCPs)
    ▫ In particular, topographic, or relief displacement
    due to terrain variation is usually the most serious
    of the displacement types, especially in
    mountainous terrain
A

Non-systematic distortions

34
Q

Caused by the forward motion of the platform
during the time required for each mirror sweep.
The ground swath is not normal to the ground
track but is slightly skewed, producing cross
scan geometric distortion

A

Scan Skew

35
Q

The geometric distortions inherent in remote
sensing images fall into two categories, what are these categories?

A

systematic distortions
non-systematic distortions

36
Q

are used with distorted aerial
photographs, on scans of warped maps and with radar
imagery

A

3 rd -order transformations

37
Q

-the simplest method of warping

A

RST (Rotation, Scaling, and Translation)

38
Q

Use of __________ – points that can be
identified in the image whose exact location is
known in chosen coordinate system

A

“control points”

39
Q

the weighted average
(linear interpolation) of the DNs for the four
pixels surrounding the transformed output pixel
is used.

A

Bilinear Interpolation

40
Q

This triangle-based rectification should be used
when other rectification methods such as
polynomial transformation and photogrammetric
modeling cannot produce acceptable results.

A

Rubber-sheeting

41
Q

This type of distortions can be rectified using data
from platform ephemeris and knowledge of internal
sensor distortion.

A

Systematic distortion

42
Q

A function of the distance from the sensor to the
target, the IFOV, and the scan angle off nadir

A

Cross-track Scan Error

43
Q

No remote sensing images are free of geometric
distortions and an essential requirement for
integrated processing of remote sensing images
and data from geographic information systems
(GIS) is that they are spatially referenced.

A

GEOMETRIC DISTORTIONS

44
Q

the transformed pixel takes
the value of the closest pixel in the pre-shifted
array without interpolation

A

Nearest Neighbor

45
Q

Can be corrected using a “rubbersheet”
rectification based on ground control points

A

TERRAIN-RELATED DISTORTION

remote sensing (2 decks)

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