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Political Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

survey data

A

Data collected from performing a survey.

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2
Q

in-depth interviews

A

Freudian approach, sit down with them and pick their brain, very unstructured, let the conversation go where it goes

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3
Q

field experiments

A

Actually go out and observe people’s behavior. They don’t know that you’re there or watching.

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4
Q

laboratory experiments

A

Bringing people into a lab to run tests, ask questions, ect.

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5
Q

treatment and control groups

A

Treatment group: receives treatment that tests hypothesis. Control group: receives either no treatment or standard treatment.

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6
Q

confounding variables

A

An extraneous variable in an experimental design that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables. Example: murder rates and ice cream sales, hot weather is the confounding variable.

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7
Q

standardization

A

Everyone gets the same _____. (i.e. same postcard)

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8
Q

randomization/random assignment

A

Everyone has the same chance of being in the control group, ect.

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9
Q

pretest posttest control group design

A

Give a pretest, then people are either in the treatment or control group, then give posttest after experiment. Good b/c it measures if there was any change, bad b/c now you’ve got people thinking about what’s going on.

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10
Q

posttest only control group

A

No pretest, only assigning people to treatment or control group and then testing. Heavily reliant on randomization since you have nothing to measure change with.

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11
Q

self-report measures

A

Just asking questions; how tall are you? what’s your age? Advantageous b/c it’s cheap but people can lie, not answer, or not be able to describe something.

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12
Q

behavioral measures

A

Observing behavior (i.e. how fast people walk after being asked questions about the elderly.)

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13
Q

social desirability

A

People not wanting to admit the truth to researchers b/c they’re embarrassed, ashamed, ect.

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14
Q

reliability of a measure

A

“The consistency of which a measuring instrument yields a certain result when the entity measured hasn’t changed.” If the thing hasn’t changed, you should be getting the same results every time.

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15
Q

validity of a measure

A

“The extent to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.” Example: scale could be reliable and give me the same number every time but could be the wrong number.

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16
Q

internal validity of a design

A

Causation - does x really cause y?

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17
Q

external validity of a design

A

Generalizability - how well can you apply what you got to the outside world? Is there really a cause and effect in the real world for this?

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18
Q

history threat

A

Threats to internal validity often come from history, when some event occurs outside the experimenter’s control. (i.e. 9/11 study with letters about public service)

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19
Q

performance effects

A

Pretest/posttest measures; by asking the subject questions you’ve just primed them for the manipulation and the posttest.

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20
Q

attrition

A

When people don’t show up the second time around. 600 people come the first time and only 300 the second time, leads to very different groups.

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21
Q

“nonattitudes” position on attitude formation

A

Says that people don’t really have attitudes they just have random unorganized opinions toward something. Most other views attempt to contradict this view.

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22
Q

worldview theory of attitude formation

A

How people align themselves depends on the world they personally live in. For example, the Luker study on abortion shows that women with very different lives and backgrounds have very different views on abortion and motherhood. Attitude formation arises from the social worlds in which people inhabit. The reflect deeply seated values and vested interests, and they protect against threats to social circumstances.

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23
Q

memory-based attitude formation

A

Individuals form their opinions at the time of judgement, retrieving relevant information from long-term memory.

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24
Q

availability bias

A

“K” example, remembering what comes to mind quickly rather than really thinking about something.

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25
Q

sampling model of public opinion

A

Sending out a mass survey online.

26
Q

online theory of attitude formation

A

Individuals attitudes are formed in real time, at the moment of information exposure, by updating an affective integrator, as new information is encountered.

27
Q

persuasion

A

One persons attempt to change the attitude of another; the extent to which the direction of someone’s attitude is changed.

28
Q

central route processing

A

Receive message, generate issue-based arguments and counterarguments, weigh them, generate or change opinion. Accuracy motivation improves chances of taking this route (like on an exam.)

29
Q

peripheral processing

A

Receive message, notice peripheral cue, use relevant heuristic, generate or change opinion.

30
Q

principle of least effort / cognitive misers

A

We don’t have time to worry about every little thing so we don’t. (Example: likeable people say agreeable things, experts can be trusted.)

31
Q

need for cognition

A

People high in NFC like making sense of things around them. People low in NFC rely on cognitive heuristics, celebrities, ect to make sense of the world around them.

32
Q

political awareness

A

People that are aware and interested in politics are much more likely to take the central processing route when thinking about things.

33
Q

heuristics

A

Simple, efficient rules that people use to form judgments and make decisions. (mental shortcuts.)

34
Q

priming

A

Effects of prior context on the interpretation of new information. For political psychologists, the effect of context in changing “the standards that people use to make political decisions. Subliminal priming - occurs out of conscious awareness.

35
Q

accessibility

A

The readiness with which stored information can be used. Chronic accessibility - chronically tending to look at things in a certain way, stereotypes at the front of your mind. Temporary accessibility - priming, something we can manipulate.

36
Q

assimilation vs. contrast effects

A

Assimilation - you don’t know you’re being primed. Contrast effects happen when you do know you’re being primed.

37
Q

framing

A

The process by which a communication source… defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Stories that elites tell to “help” people make sense of things.

38
Q

cognitive processing task

A

Solving math problems, word completion, ect.

39
Q

source credibility

A

Where/who we’re getting our information from, does it matter? Studies suggest that people we trust can frame us more easily than someone who we don’t.

40
Q

attribution

A

Explanations for the causes of outcomes or behaviors. Example: traveling is an attribution for the Ebola outbreak.

41
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

Over-reliance on dispositional explanations; people’s traits.
Under-reliance on situational explanations; situational traits.

42
Q

actor-observer effect

A

When we’re explaining our own behavior we tend to be very generous, when explaining others… not so much.

43
Q

internal versus external locus of control

A

Internal: we think people as individuals are responsible for their actions. People cause certain things to happen, there’s something about the people involved that caused them to do it; Milgram’s experiment - the people just like causing others pain, that’s why they did it
External: the situation effects/causes what people do. Milgram’s experiment - the people did it because they trusted the teacher and didn’t feel personally responsible

44
Q

self-serving bias in attibution

A

Much more likely to take credit for our successes and place blame for our failures.

45
Q

episodic versus thematic frames

A

Episodic frame: focus on individual (i.e. the homeless person) - those people are lazy, they don’t want to work hard.
Thematic frame: situate homelessness in the broader context - not a personal problem, but government problem.

46
Q

casual versus treatment attributions

A

Casual; who’s responsible for the problem… which influences Treatment; who should fix the problem. Homeless example: if it’s the governments fault, they should fix it. If its the persons fault, the government isn’t responsible for fixing it.

47
Q

specific versus unspecific attributions

A

Specific; you can clearly identify who’s the cause and who’s the agent responsible for fixing the problem. Much more likely to protest if you know who to blame.

48
Q

mood

A

Generalized emotion state that’s not directed at an attitude object. Generalized state of being that’s not pinpointed at an object.

49
Q

emotion

A

Specifically directed at an attitude object. Not just positive/negative, can be angry, sad, anxious, ect.

50
Q

affect

A

Most general way of thinking about emotion. Evaluative valence of feelings - general, positive, or negative reactions.

51
Q

cognition

A

Distinct from mood, emotion, and affect. Thinking about the meaning of things. Different from having an emotional response, thinking about the literal meaning of something. Beliefs, thinking in semantic terms.

52
Q

symbolic politics theory

A

People acquire stable affective responses to particular symbols through a process of classical conditioning, most crucially relatively early in life. As we grow up, we develop positive/negative associations to symbols.

53
Q

affective intelligence theory

A

Two systems at work when analyzing emotions in politics, what role do our emotions play in our political involvement?

54
Q

dispositional system

A

Default way of going about things, less effortful way of processing. Things are just going along smoothly nothing to worry about.

55
Q

surveillance system

A

Kicks in when there’s a threat, more effortful form of processing. Gets us thinking that we should get more information. (Scary campaign ads.)

56
Q

terror management thoery

A

How do individuals cope with the reminders of their mortality? They turn to the leader and shift support their direction. Two components: affective reactions - can trigger anxiety and cognitive reactions - threat stimulates belief about mortality.

57
Q

mortality salience

A

Thinking about your own death.

58
Q

word fragment completion task

A

Example: COFF_ _. When used in 9/11 study people said coffin instead of coffee.

59
Q

subliminal priming

A

Example: priming people with thoughts about their own death before asking them to complete the word task.

60
Q

attitude

A

“a predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given attitude object”

61
Q

frame

A

A central organizing idea or storyline that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them. The frame suggests what the controversy is about, the essence of the issue.

62
Q

political psychology

A

The influence of psychological processes on political behavior.

Political Psychology (1 decks)

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