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psyc 102 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality?

A

The distinct patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that characterize a person’s adjustment to the demands of life.

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2
Q

Personality is characterized by a..

A

dynamic struggle between elements of the personality.

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3
Q

Freud believed that the human mind was like an:

A

Iceberg

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4
Q

What are the three psychic structures that Freud hypothesized that made up personalities?

A

Id, Ego, and Superego

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5
Q

The Id is present at birth and represents our…

A

instinctual drives such as hunger, sex ,and aggression.

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6
Q

The ego begins to develop during ____. Hence, the ego is guided by the “Reality Principle.”

A

the first year of life and balances the id’s urges with reality.

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7
Q

When the ego is threatened by unconscious impulses, it will employ ___ to protect the conscious self.

A

defense mechanisms

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8
Q

The superego is…

A

the embodiment of societal rules, ethics, and morals.

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9
Q

List the psychosocial stages in the correct order.

A
  1. Oral Stage
  2. Anal Stage
  3. Phallic Stage
  4. Latency Stage
  5. Genital Stage
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10
Q

Unlike Freud, Jung viewed the sexual instinct as just…

A

one of many important instincts.

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11
Q

Alfred Adler believe that people are motivated by an..

A

inferiority complex.

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12
Q

Unlike Freud, Karen Horney argues that little girls do not suffer ____. She believed that____ were more influential in childhood development than sexual impulses.

A

penis envy
&
interpersonal relationships

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13
Q

List Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in order:

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Ego Identity vs. Role Diffusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Integrity vs. Despair
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14
Q

Learning theories focus upon our ability to ___ to the environments in which we find ourselves.

A

learn and adapt

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15
Q

Psychology is the study of…

A

behavior and mental processes.

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16
Q

Adjustment (coping) is…

A

behavior that permits us to meet the demands of the environment.

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17
Q

It appears that genetic factors are involved in ____ human traits and behavior.

A

nearly all

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18
Q

However, genetic factors cause ____… not specific patterns. Genetic factors interact with other factors such as learning experiences and personal choice to determine behaviors disorders and traits.

A

predispositions

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19
Q

Clinical Approach: focuses primarily on…

A

ways in which psychology can help people overcome personal problems and cope with stress.

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20
Q

Healthy Personality Approach:focuses primarily on…

A

healthful patterns of personal growth and development, including social and vocational development.

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21
Q

Evidence to date points to several factors relating to happiness: (list at least two)

A
  1. Heredity
  2. Having Friends
  3. Religious Faith
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22
Q

Two types of diversity mentioned in your text are ____ and ____.

A

Ethnicity
&
Gender

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23
Q

Why Study Diversity? (List at least two reasons)

A
  1. To help us better understand and fully appreciate the true extent of human behavior and mental processes.
  2. To comprehend the dramatically changing ethnic composition of our society.
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24
Q

Critical Thinking is…

A

an approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments.

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25
Q

Scientific Method:

A

A method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested.

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26
Q

Case-Study Method:

A

A method of research based on a carefully drawn biography obtained through interviews, questionnaires, or psychological tests.

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27
Q

The Survey Method: Surveys…

A

are a means of gathering information by which large numbers of individuals are interviewed or asked to complete questionnaires in order to learn about their attitudes or behaviors.

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28
Q

The Survey Method: Sample:

A

Part of a population selected for research

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29
Q

The Survey Method: Generalize:

A

To apply observations based on a sample to a population

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30
Q

The Survey Method: Population:

A

A complete group of organisms or events.

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31
Q

The Survey Method: Random Sample:

A

A sample drawn such that every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

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32
Q

Naturalistic-observation Method: A scientific method…

A

in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.

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33
Q

Correlational Method: A scientific method…

A

that studies the relationships between variables.

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34
Q

Correlation Coefficient: A number between ____ that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

A

+1.00 to -1.00

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35
Q

While correlational studies show relationships, ____ cannot be inferred from that relationship.

A

Causation

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36
Q

The Experimental Method: A scientific method that seeks to confirm or discover _____ relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.

A

Cause-and-effect

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37
Q

Independent Variable:

A

A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed.

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38
Q

Dependent Variable:

A

A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable.

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39
Q

Control Group: _________, while other conditions are held constant. Therefore, one may conclude that group differences following treatment will result from the treatment.

A

A group of subjects whose members don’t receive the treatment.

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40
Q

Placebo:

A

A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine.

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41
Q

Double-blind studies:

Experiments in which ______ know who has been given the active treatment or drug and who has not.

A

Neither the subjects nor the researchers

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42
Q

Two prominent theories are ____ and _____ Theory.

A

Behaviorism
&
Social-Cognitive

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43
Q

A school of psychology that explains and predicts behavior in terms of the…

A

environmental stimuli acting upon an organism and the organism’s subsequent responses.

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44
Q

Classical Conditioning is a simple form of learning in which…

A

one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus as a result of being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus.

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45
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):

A

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism without learning.

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46
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR):

A

An unlearned response. A response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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47
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

A

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already brought forth that response.

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48
Q

Conditioned Response (CR):

A

A response to a conditioned stimulus.

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49
Q

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which the _____ of behaviors is increased (by means of reinforcement) or decreased (by means of punishment).

A

Frequency

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50
Q

Positive Reinforcer: A reinforcer that ____ the frequency of behavior when it is _____ (an example would be to reward behavior by giving something pleasant such as food or money).

A

Increases
&
Presented

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51
Q

Negative Reinforcer: A reinforcer that ___ the frequency of behavior when it is ____ (an example would be to reward behavior by taking away an unpleasant task such as doing the dishes).

A

Increases
&
Removed

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52
Q

Punishment is an unpleasant stimulus that ____ behavior.

A

Suppresses

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53
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory: A cognitively oriented theory in which ____, _____, and _____ play major roles in determining behavior.

A

Observational learning, values, and expectations.

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54
Q

Reciprocal Determinism: Albert Bandura’s term for the social-cognitive view that people _____ their environment just as their environment influences them.

A

Influence

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55
Q

Observational Learning: Unlike behaviorism, social-cognitive theory holds that we can learn simply by _____.

A

Observation.

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56
Q

Person Variables: _____ that influence behavior. (Examples include: competencies, emotions, self-regulatory systems and plans).

A

Factors within the person…

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57
Q

Humanism is the view that people are capable of…

A

free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior.

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58
Q

Self-Actualization:

An _____ to strive to realize one’s potential. The goal to “be all you can be”.

A

innate tendency

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59
Q

____ believed that we progress toward higher psychological needs once our basic needs are met. He envisioned this as a “____”.

A

Maslow
&
“Hierarchy of Needs”

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60
Q

List Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

A
  • Physiological
  • Safety
  • Love and Belongingness
  • Esteem
  • Self-Asctualization
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61
Q

Rogers believed that each of us is unique and views the world from a unique frame of reference. He felt that if we are given _____, we would develop our unique abilities and talents.

A

unconditional positive regard

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62
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard:
Acceptance of others as ______.
Consistent expression of esteem for the value of another person.

A

having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior of the moment

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63
Q

Trait Theories: A school of psychology that attempts to understand personality by classifying, measuring, and interrelating _____ of personality known as traits.

A

relatively stable aspects

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64
Q

A trait is a ____. In other words, an individual will display this trait in most situations.

A

relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior

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65
Q

Genes influence personality by…

A

creating predispositions

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66
Q

Sociocultural Theories:

The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in…

A

personality, behavior, and adjustment

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67
Q

Individualist: A person who defines herself or himself in terms of ____ and gives priority to her or his own goals.

A

personal traits

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68
Q

Collectivist: A person who defines herself or himself in terms of _____ and groups and gives priority to group goals.

A

relationships to other people

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69
Q

The two most common forms of assessment are ____ and ____ types of tests.

A

projective & objective

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70
Q

Objective tests present respondents with a ____ in the form of a questionnaire.

A

standard group of test items

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71
Q

Projective personality tests are derived from the belief (in psychodynamic theory) that people tend _____ to unstructured of vague stimuli.

A

to impost their unconscious needs, impulses, or motives onto their responses

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72
Q

Stress: An event that exerts _______. The demand made on an organism to adjust.

A

physical or psychological force or pressure on a person

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73
Q

Daily Hassles: Lazarus’ term for ____ sources of annoyance or aggravation that have a negative impact on health.

A

routine

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74
Q

Life changes differ from daily hassles in that life changes can ____, whereas hassles are negative. Also, while hassles occur on a regular basis, life changes occur at irregular intervals.

A

be both positive and negative

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75
Q

Acculturative Stress: The feelings of tension and anxiety that accompany efforts to adapt to or adopt the orientation and values of the _____ culture.

A

dominant

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76
Q

Pain and Discomfort ____ performance and coping ability.

A

impair

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77
Q

In response to pain, the brain triggers the release of _____.

A

endorphins

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78
Q

Endorphin: A….

A

neurotransmitter that is composed of chains of amino acids and is functionally similar to morphine.

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79
Q

List 3 ways of coping with pain.

A
  1. Distraction
  2. Hypnosis
  3. Acupuncture
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80
Q

Tolerance for frustration:

Ability to ____, to maintain self-control when a motive is thwarted.

A

delay gratification

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81
Q

Conflict: A condition characterized by _____ motives, in which gratification of one motive prevents gratification of another.

A

opposing

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82
Q

List 4 types of conflict.

A
  1. Approach-approach
  2. Avoidance-avoidance
  3. Approach-avoidance
  4. Multiple Approach-avoidance
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83
Q

The ABC approach by ____.

A

Albert Ellis

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84
Q

Ellis believes that our response to events (and our subsequent levels of stress) are due to our _____ about these events.

A

beliefs

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85
Q

Irrational Beliefs can lead to higher levels of _____.

A

stress

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86
Q

Type A behavior pattern:

A pattern of stress-producing behavior, characterized by….(List three):

A
  1. aggressiveness
  2. perfectionism
  3. unwillingness to relinquish control
87
Q

_____ Stressors:

  • natural disasters
  • terrorism
  • noise
  • temperature
  • air pollution
  • crowding
A

Environmental

88
Q

Self-Efficacy:

Beliefs to the effect that…

A

one can perform a task successfully or manage a stressor.

89
Q

The ability to predict a stressor ____ its impact. Predictability allows us to brace for the inevitable and in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

A

moderates

90
Q

Humans are social beings…and social support seems to act as a _____ for stress.

A

buffer

91
Q

Managing Stress:

Defensive: withdrawal, denial, procrastination, substance abuse, ____.

A

aggression

92
Q

Managing Stress:

Active: Engagement of problem, active problem solving, ____.

A

positive action

93
Q

List 6 examples of active coping.

A
  1. workout
  2. express your feelings
  3. try humor
  4. know what to expect
  5. change irrational beliefs
  6. develop time management techniques
94
Q

Health Psychology:

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between…

A

psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical health problems.

95
Q 
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): 
\_\_\_\_\_ term for a hypothesized three-stage response to stress.
-Stage 1: Alarm Reaction
-Stage 2: \_\_\_\_\_
-Stage 3: Exhaustion
A

Selye’s
&
Resistance

96
Q

Sympathetic Division: The division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) that is most ____ during activities and emotional responses -such as anxiety and fear- that spend the body’s reserves of energy.

A

active

97
Q

The second stage of the GAS characterized by ____ sympathetic nervous system activity in an effort to restore lost energy and repair damage. Also called the ____ stage.

A

prolonged
&
Adaptation

98
Q

The exhaustion stage is characterized by…

A

weakened resistance and possible deteriortation

99
Q

Stress and Emotions:
While positive emotions such as love and desire fill our days with purpose, negative emotions can fill us with dread and make each day a chore to navigate. Stress can lead…

A

to anxiety, anger, and depression.

100
Q

Under stress, people may have difficulty ____ on the task at hand.

A

thinking clearly or remaining focused

101
Q

High levels of bodily arousal that characterize the alarm reaction stage can ____ memory functioning and problem solving ability (ex: test anxiety).

A

impair

102
Q

Stress can ___ the immune system, and consequently make us more vulnerable to disease.

A

weaken

103
Q

Headaches are among the ____ stress-related physical ailments.

A

most common

104
Q

The underlying causal mechanisms of migraines are not well understood but appear to be related to ______.

A

changes in blood flow to the brain and subsequent imbalances of serotonin.

105
Q

Coronary heart disease is the ___ cause of death in the U.S. Some of the common risk factors:

A 
Leading 
&
-family history 
-physiological conditions
-pattern of consumption
-type A behavior
-hostility and anger
-job strain
-physical inactivity
106
Q

Ways to reduce the risk of CHD:

A
  • exercising
  • reducing hypertension
  • modifying type A behavior
  • stop smoking
  • controlling weight
107
Q

Cancer is a disease characterized by the development of ____ cells that may take root anywhere in the body.

A

abnormal or mutant

108
Q

Don’t be swayed by a doctor who says your problems are “_____”.

A

“all in your head”

109
Q

Preventing Mismanaged Care:

Insist on your right to see a ______.

A

Specialist

110
Q

Nutrition:
The process _______. Foods provide us with the nutrients we need for energy and building our bodies (muscle, bone, an other tissues.)

A

by which plants and animals consume and utilize food

111
Q

Proteins:

Organic molecules that comprise the _____. Excess protein is converted to fat.

A

basic building blocks of body tissues

112
Q

Simply put, obesity is a major…..

A

health risk

113
Q

Biological factors such as heredity, adipose tissue, and body metabolism ______ to obesity.

A

can all contribute

114
Q

Today, it is widely accepted that heredity plays a ____ role in obesity.

A

central

115
Q

The act of dieting can make it hard to lose additional weight. Our bodies are designed to store fat, so when we lose weight, our ____ slow down.

A

metabolic rates

116
Q

___ can impede dieting and lead to binge eating.

A

Depression and anxiety

117
Q

Young woman in the U.S. come of age in a culture _____, especially thinness in women.

A

obsessed with thinness

118
Q

Eating disorders often develop during…

A

adolescence and early adulthood

119
Q

Women with anorexia may lose ____ or more of their body weight in one year.

A

25%

120
Q

Similar to those with anorexia, bulimics tend to hold ____ views about body shape and weight.

A

perfectionistic

121
Q

Unlike those with anorexia, bulimics tend to maintain a ____ body weight.

A

relatively normal

122
Q

Aerobic Exercise:

Exercise that requires…

A

sustained increase in oxygen consumption, such as jogging, swimming, or riding a bicycle.

123
Q

Anaerobic Exercise:

Exercise..

A

that does not require sustained increase in oxygen consumption, such as weightlifting.

124
Q

Fitness: The ability to perform physically demanding tasks without undue fatigue. ___________.

A

Cardiovascular fitness refers to the ability of the heart and lungs to function under stress.

125
Q

Exercise has been demonstrated to help….

A

alleviate depression, a psychological disorder characterized by inactivity, dampened mood, and feelings of helplessness.

126
Q

Exercise has also been shown to _____ anxiety and hostility and to _____ self-esteem.

A

decrease
&
boost

127
Q

Restoration: Sleep serves a restorative function by helping to ____ a tired body. It may also allow the brain to ____ of daily experiences.

A

rejuvenate
&
consolidate memories

128
Q

Survival: Sleep also may serve a survival function by keeping us…

A

from roaming in the night when our senses aren’t as sharp as those of a potential predator.

129
Q

Insomnia:

A disorder characterized by persistent ____ or _____.

A

difficulty falling asleep OR remaining alseep

130
Q

About one in ____ adult Americans suffer from persistent or chronic insomnia.

A

ten

131
Q

Substance Abuse: continued use of a substance…

A

despite knowledge that it is dangerous or that it is linked to social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems.

132
Q

Substance Dependence:

Dependence is shown by signs such _____, marked tolerance, and _____.

A

as persistent use despite efforts to cut down
&
withdrawal symptoms

133
Q

Substance abuse and dependence usually begin with ____ use in ____.

A

experimental use
&
adolescence

134
Q

Drug-use patterns established during adolescence foreshadow..

A

future substance abuse problems.

135
Q

Psychological Factor In Substance Abuse and Dependence:
1. _____ about the effects of a substance are powerful predictors of its use. 2. Parents might be ____ to their children and 3. usage of a drug may be _____.

A 
expectations
&
modeling drug-usage 
& 
reinforced by peers
136
Q

Biological Factors in Substance Abuse and Dependence:

Certain people may have a _____ toward developing substance dependence problems.

A

Genetic Predispostion

137
Q

Alcoholism: A term used to describe alcohol dependence, which is characterized by ____ and development of a physiological dependence on the drug.

A

impaired control over the use of alcohol

138
Q

Depressant: A drug that ______ the rate of activity of the central nervous system. Common depressants include:

  • ______
  • Opiods
  • _____
A

decreases
&
-alcohol
-sedatives

139
Q

Alcohol ____ people, deadens minor pain, _____cognitive functioning, slurs speech and reduces motor coordination.

A

relaxes
&
impairs

140
Q

Treating Alcoholism: The most widely used program is ____ which utilized a ___ program.

A

Alcoholics Anonymous
&
12-step

141
Q

However, Cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy have been shown to be ____ as effective as Alcoholics Anonymous.

A

equally

142
Q

Opiods are a group of _____ derived from the opium poppy, that are used to relieve pain but then can also provide a _____.

A

depressants
&
euphoric rush

143
Q

Opiods are classified as a Narcotic. Narcotics have pain-relieving and sleep-inducing properties and _____.

A

strong addictive potential

144
Q

Common opiods are Morphine and _____.

A

heroin

145
Q

Addiction is often treated with a combination of ______ ad psychological treatment.

A

methadone

146
Q

Barbiturates are used ______, but lead to quick addiction.

A

to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

147
Q

Withdrawal symptoms include _______.

A

severe convulsions

148
Q

It is dangerous to mix ______ with these depressants.

A

alcohol

149
Q

A stimulant is a drug that _____ the rate of activity of the central nervous system. Common stimulants include:

  • ____.
  • Amphetamines
  • ____.
A

increases
&
-nicotine
-cocaine

150
Q

Nicotine is a mild, but ____ stimulant drug found in tobacco.

A

highly addicitve

151
Q

Nicotine is not the most dangerous aspect of smoking ____ in the blood and the development of lung cancer.

A

carbon monoxide and tars are responsible for decreased oxygen

152
Q

Pregnant women who smoke have a higher risk of _____ preterm births, ____ babies, and stillborn babies.

A

miscarriage
&
low-birthweight

153
Q

Amphetamines were first used during ____ to help soldier remain alert at night.

A

WWII

154
Q

Recent evidence suggests that regular use of methamphetamine can lead to ____ dependence.

A

physiological

155
Q

Heavy usage of methamphetamine can lead to cognitive and emotional problems, and possibly to….

A

neurological damage.

156
Q

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that produces feelings of euphoria and can _____ and ______.

A

curb hunger & pain

157
Q

Snorting causes vasoconstriction and if repeated over time, can lead to deterioration of _____.

A

nasal cartilage

158
Q

Hallucinogens are drugs that induce _____ and hallucinations. Common hallucinogens include:

  • LSD
  • _____.
A

sensory distortions
&
Marijuana

159
Q

Marijuana is the most widely illicit drug in the U.S. ______ of American adults report that they currently use marijuana.

A

6%

160
Q

Research also suggests that marijuana may interfere with memory and cause….

A

long term brain damage.

161
Q

Self: The ____ of our impressions, thoughts, and feelings, such that we have a conscious, continuous sense of being in the world.

A

totality

162
Q

Parts of the Self:

____, social, and ____.

A

physical & personal

163
Q

Schema: __________.

Examples include stereotypes, prejudices, and generalizations.

A

A set of beliefs and feelings about something.

164
Q

Role Schema: a schema about how people in _____ (e.g. boss, wife, teacher) are expected to behave.

A

certain roles

165
Q

Person Schema: a schema about how a _____ is expected to behave.

A

particular individual

166
Q

Self-Schema: the set of ______ we have about ourselves.

A

beliefs, feelings, and generalizations

167
Q

Physical Self: One’s ____ of one’s physical being- for example, one’s height, hair color, race, and physical skills.

A

psychological sense

168
Q

Roles and masks are _____ responses to the social situation.

A

adaptive

169
Q

Personal Self: One’s private continuous sense of being oneself in the world. Personal self includes_____, ethics, your name, self-concept, ____ and the _____.

A

values, self-esteem, and ideal-self

170
Q

Ethics:

Standards for _____.

A

behavior

171
Q

Self-Concept: One’s perception of oneself including one’s traits and an evaluation of those traits. The self-concept includes one’s ____ and one’s ____.

A

self-esteem and ideal self

172
Q

Self-Esteem: Self-approval.
One’s self-respect or favorable opinion of oneself. Self-esteem is neither _____. Though relatively stable over time, self-esteem can fluctuate, for better or worse.

A

fixed nor unchangeable

173
Q

Ideal Self: One’s perception of what one ought to be and do. Also called the _____.

A

self-ideal

174
Q

Identity Achievement. The identity status that describes individuals who _____ and committed to a relatively stable set of beliefs or a course of action.

A

have resolved an identity crisis

175
Q

Identity Foreclosure: The identity status that describes individuals who have adopted a commitment to a set of beliefs or a course of action _____. Often, they have adopted the views of their parents without seriously questioning them.

A

without undergoing an identity crisis

176
Q

Identity Moratorium: The identity status that describes individuals who are the the throes of an identity crisis - an _____.

A

intense examination of alternatives

177
Q

Researchers have found that identity formation if often ____ for adolescents from ethnic minority groups.

A

more complicated

178
Q

Primacy Effect:

The tendency to…

A

evaluate others in terms of first impressions

179
Q

Recency Effect:

The tendency to evaluate other in terms of the ….

A

most recent impression

180
Q

Managing First Impression:

  • ______
  • In class, seek ____ with your instructors.
A

smile
&
eye contact

181
Q

Prejudice: The belief that a person or group, on the basis of assumed racial ethnic, sexual, or other features _____ characteristics or perform inadequately.

A

will possess negative

182
Q

Types of prejudice include sexism, racism, and _____.

A

ageism

183
Q

Discrimination: The denial of ____ to a person or group on the basis of prejudice.

A

priviliges

184
Q

Attribution Process: The process by which people _____ about the motives and traits of themselves and others.

A

draw inferences

185
Q

Dispositionial Attribution: An assumption that a person’s behavior is determined by _____, such as personal attitudes or goals.

A

internal causes

186
Q

Situational Attributions: An assumption that a person’s behavior is determined by______, such as the social pressure found in a situation.

A

external circumstances

187
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error:

A

The tendency to assume that others act on the basis of choice or will, even when there is evidence suggestive of the importance of their situations.

188
Q

Actor-Observer Effect:

A

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factor but to attribute the behavior of others to internal, dispositional factors such as choice or will.

189
Q

Self-Serving Bias:

A

The tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors.

190
Q

Social Influence: The area of social psychology that studies the ways in which people _____ of other people.

A

influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior

191
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): The view that persuasion occurs through ____ routes, a ____ (elaboration) of the content of a persuasive message, and a ____ route involving attention to associated cues that peripheral to the content of the message.

A 
two
& 
central route
& 
peripheral
192
Q

Counter-Arguments: People tend to believe arguments that run counter to the….

A

vested interests of the communicator.

193
Q

Persuasive communicators are characterized by (List three):

A
  1. Attractiveness
  2. Likability
  3. Trustworthiness
194
Q

We also tend to be persuaded by the ____, health professionals, and attractive individuals.

A

famous

195
Q

Elements of the immediate environment, such as _____ can increase the likelihood of persuasion.

A

music

196
Q

The Foot-in-the-Door:

A

A method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request.

197
Q

Psychologists have long been concerned with the nature of ______obedience.

A

blind

198
Q

_____ conducted an experiment to determine how many people would resist authority figures who made ____requests.

A

Stanley Milgram
&
immoral

199
Q

The Milgram Studies:

_____ of the participants in the study went all the way to 450-volt shocks.

A

65%

200
Q

The Milgram Studies:

Women and college students showed ____ results in later studies.

A

similar

201
Q

Conformity:

Social Norms:_______ and influence the ways people behave in social situations.

A

Explicit and implicit rules that reflect social expectations….

202
Q

The tendency to conform to social norms can be _____ or ______.

A

positive or maladaptive

203
Q

______ Study on Conformity:

The participants experienced a fair degree of discomfort on these “key trials”.

A

Asch

204
Q

Asch Study on Conformity:

_____ of the participants went along with the group and gave the wrong answer on at least one “key trial”.

A

75%

205
Q

Mob Behavior Deindividuation:

A

The process by which group members discontinue self-evaluation and adopt group norms and attitudes.

206
Q

Mob Behavior:

Diffusion of Responsibility:

A

The dilution or loss of individual responsibility for behavior when members of a group act in unison.

207
Q

Altruism: Unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Altruism is characterized by ____ behavior.

A

helping

208
Q

Bystander Effect: The tendency for bystanders to _____ to act to help a person in need.

A

fail

209
Q

Observers are more likely to help is they are in a ____. Elevated mood might impart a sense of personal power.

A

good mood

210
Q

The Helper:Who Helps?

Women are ____ likely to help.

A

more

211
Q

Steps to Becoming More Assertive.

________: self-monitoring of social areas can help you pinpoint problem areas.

A

self-monitoring

212
Q

Steps to Becoming More Assertive.

_____: while monitoring behavior, pay attention to irrational beliefs that lead to unassertive or aggressive behavior.

A

Confronting Irrational Beliefs

213
Q

Steps to Becoming More Assertive.
_____: Much of our behavior is modeled after that of people we respect and admire. A therapist can help an individual mold their new behaviors.

A

Modeling

214
Q

Steps to Becoming More Assertive.
_____: It is a good idea to try our new behaviors in non-threatening situations, such as before a mirror. This will accustom you to the sounds of assertive talk.

A

Behavior Rehearsal

psyc 102 (1 decks)

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