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African American Freedom Struggle > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Ralph Abernathy

A

Montgomery Minister who believed bus boycott was best option. Led SCLC’s Poor People’s Campaign

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2
Q

Africa

A

107

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3
Q

Albany Movement

A

151-69 | 1961. Although the Albany Movement was successful in mobilizing massive protests during December 1961 and the following summer, it secured few concrete gains aimed at ending all forms of racial segregation in the city.

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4
Q

Harry Belafonte

A

Calypso Banana Boat Singer and supporter of SCLC who called meetings in his apartment and raised funds for bail bonds

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5
Q

Fred Shuttlesworth

A

Leader of Alabama Christian Movement For Human Rights (Acmhr)

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6
Q

Albert Boutwell

A

“dignified Bull Connor” Govenor of Alabama

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7
Q

Birmingham Campaign of 1963

A

170-186

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8
Q

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A

Letter from MLK to mayor Boutwell, asking not to resist desegregation

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9
Q

Bull Connor

A

Segregationist who ran again Boutwell

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10
Q

Ralph Bunche

A

112, 115

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11
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

-

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12
Q

Freedom Riders

A

-

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13
Q

Clarence Jones

A

-

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14
Q

SCLC

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference formed after the Montgomery us Boycott. Operated as an umbrella organization of affiliates. Rather than seek individual members, it coordinated with the activities of local organizations.

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15
Q

Chicago campaign

A

297-99, SCLC’s extension of Operation Breadbasket. Generated $15 million/year. King and his family moved to a Chicago slum at the end of January so that he could be closer to the movement. 1966.

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16
Q

Crusade for Citizenship

A

SCLC’s major campaign 109. Registered thousands of disenfranchised voters in time for the 1958 and 1960 elections, with an emphasis on educating prospective voters

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17
Q

Freedom March through Mississippi

A

SCLC 316, 319, 322

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18
Q

Operation Breadbasket

A

1962 SCLC 309, created $25 million in new jobs for the black community in Atlanta

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19
Q

NAACP

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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20
Q

Bayard Rustin

A

293

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21
Q

ACMHR

A

Founded after NAACP was outlawed in Alabama Mission to remove any forms of Second Class Citizenship’’

22
Q

Watts Rebellion

A
  1. Marquette Frye, a 21-year-old black man, was arrested for drunk driving in LA’s Watts neighborhood. The ensuing struggle during his arrest sparked off 6 days of rioting, resulting in 34 deaths, over 1,000 injuries, nearly 4,000 arrests, and the destruction of property valued at $40 million. MLK came afterward and urged SCLC to move north and in urban areas.
23
Q

Beyond Vietnam

A

MLK’s 1967 speech that ‘the war in Vietnam is clearly an unjust war’’

24
Q

LBJ

A

Lyndon Baines Johnson. At first great relationship with King, then strained during Vietnam War. Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

25
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Signed by LBJ after Kennedy’s assassination to “eliminate the last vestiges of injustice in America.” King stood behind Johnson as he signed the bill into law.

26
Q

Where Do We Go From Here (1967)

A

Subtitle: Chaos or Community? Written while on vacation in Jamaica.

27
Q

Barry Goldwater

A

Ran against LBJ

28
Q

1964 Presidential Election

A

LBJ garnered the widest popular margin in presidential history. Supported by MLK. King announced that he would not support Johnson in the 1968 presidential election Johnson shocked the nation by declaring that he would not seek reelection, and pledged that he would spend the remainder of his term seeking “an honorable peace” in Vietnam

29
Q

Voting Rights Act (1965)

A

Signed by LBJ. Abolished literacy tests and poll taxes designed to disenfranchise African American voters, and gave the federal government the authority to take over voter registration in counties with a pattern of persistent discrimination. ‘‘a triumph for freedom as huge as any victory that has ever been won on any battlefield’’

30
Q

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

A

Because Mississippi blacks were barred from participating in the meetings of the state’s Democratic Party, they decided to form their own party.

31
Q

King assasination

A

Four days after LBJ announced that he would not re-run for president, MLK was assassinated.

32
Q

COINTELPRO

A

The FBI’s domestic counterintelligence program produced alleged evidence of extramarital affairs, though no evidence of Communist influence.

33
Q

Memo

A

King was identified as a target because the FBI believed that he could become a ‘‘messiah’’ who could unify black nationalists ‘‘should he abandon his supposed ‘obedience’ to ‘white liberal doctrines’ (nonviolence) and embrace black nationalism’’ (Senate Select Committee, 180)

34
Q

FBI

A

The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began monitoring Martin Luther King, Jr., in Dec 1955, during his involvement with the Montgomery bus boycott, and engaged in covert operations against him throughout the 1960s. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was personally hostile toward King, believing that the civil rights leader was influenced by Communists.

35
Q

Stanley Levison

A

Throughout King’s career, Levison, a Jewish attorney from New York, drafted articles and speeches for him, prepared King’s tax returns, and raised funds for SCLC. President John F. Kennedy took King aside and repeated the request that he ban Levison and O’Dell directly. Levison took the initiative to cut off all visible ties with King. He continued to advise King on important matters indirectly, often using Clarence Jones as an intermediary.

36
Q

In Friendship

A

In 1956, Levinson, Bayard Rustin, and Ella Baker created In Friendship, an organization that raised money for southern civil rights activists and organizations, including the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Together they formulated the concept of a regional “congress of organizations” dedicated to mass action grounded in nonviolence, an idea that would later develop into the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The organization later contributed $500 toward King’s 1957 trip to Ghana and secured a $4,000 grant for his 1959 India trip.

37
Q

Ella Baker

A

She worked alongside some of the most famous civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King, Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, and Bob Moses. She was a critic of professionalized, charismatic leadership and a promoter of grassroots organizing and radical democracy.[1] She has been called “One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the civil rights movement.”

38
Q

Jack O’Dell

A

A valued organizer and fundraiser, who was unapologetic about his early Communist associations, ____ _____ ranks among the most controversial figures of the civil rights movement. His role in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was used by detractors as ammunition against both Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil rights movement at large.

39
Q

Goldwater, Barry M. (1909-1998)

A

-

40
Q

Poor People’s Campaign

A

King planned for an initial group of 2,000 poor people to descend on Washington, D.C. to meet with government officials to demand economic equality. After King’s assassination in April 1968, SCLC decided to go on with the campaign under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, SCLC’s new president. On Mother’s Day, May 1968, thousands of women, led by Coretta Scott King, formed the first wave of demonstrators. The following day, Resurrection City, a temporary settlement of tents and shacks, was built on the Mall in Washington, D.C. Protesters stayed for over a month. Out of respect for the campaign, Robert Kennedy’s funeral procession passed through Resurrection City.

41
Q

Ralph Bunche

A

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950 for his work as head of a UN peace-seeking Palestine commission that negotiated armistice between the new state of Israel and Arab nations. Bunche was the first person of color to receive the prize. In 1955 Bunche became the highest ranking American at the UN at the time. In 1963 President John F. Kennedy awarded Bunche the Medal of Freedom, the U.S. government’s highest civilian award. Despite illnesses, Bunche demonstrated with King at the 1963 March on Washington and the 1965 Selma to Montgomery March. He was an active member on the board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which he served from 1949 until his death.

42
Q

Birmingham Campaign

A

-

43
Q

Sit-ins

A

The sit-ins started on 1 February 1960, when four black students from North Carolina A&T College sat down at a Woolworth lunch counter in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina.

44
Q

Black Power

A

On 16 June 1966, while completing the march begun by James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rallied a crowd in Greenwood, Mississippi, with the cry, ‘‘We want Black Power!’’ Although SNCC members had used the term during informal conversations, this was the first time Black Power was used as a public slogan. MLK didn’t love slogan.

45
Q

Robert Moses

A

Moses developed the idea for the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer Project, which recruited northern college students to join Mississippi blacks conducting a grassroots voter registration drive.

46
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A

Chairman of SNCC. Challenged nonviolence and promoted Black Power

47
Q

Black Panther Party

A

-

48
Q

Lowndes County Freedom Organization

A

Precursor to the Black Panther Party

49
Q

Bobby Seale

A

-

50
Q

Huey Newton

A

-

51
Q
A

African American Freedom Struggle (2 decks)

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