Midterm

Question 0

Out brains have 1) _________ receptor sites that respond to opiate drugs. They exists because off out naturally manufactured feel-good chemicals called 2) _________.

Answer 0

1) natural

2) endorphins

Question 1

Morphine and Herion both activate the 1) ________ and 2)_________ systems

Answer 1

1) dopaminergic

2) opioid

Question 2

1) _______ is synthesized from 2) _________, it is considered a 3) ________, it is a schedule 4) ______ drug and it is highly addictive because of high 5) ____________.

Answer 2

1) heroin
2) morphine
3) prodrug
4) 1
5) bioavailability

Question 3

Prodrug

Answer 3

A drug that is broken down into an active form via some chemical process such as hydrolization (addition of a water molecule).

Question 4

Bioavailability

Answer 4

The degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into the circulatory system.
*** 25 % morphine

Question 5

6-monoacetylmorphine

Answer 5

Compound found in Herion that is looked for in urine samples, often verifying use of legal/illegal substances.

Question 6

Herion is made from morphine. Morphing is made from opium. Opium comes from 1) ______ ______.

Answer 6

1) poppy plants

Question 7

Poppy plants and opium

Answer 7

Tar-like material that results from drying latex material found inside opium poppy. Contains small amount of codeine and 8-10% morphine.

Question 8

Vietnam war study

Answer 8

Only 15% of Herion addicts became re-addicted once returned home. The other 85 % did not. Those 15% that did relapse had history of drug addiction prior to entering war. So, the 85% were environmentally conditioned.

Question 9

Marijuana

Answer 9

Cannabis Sativa once it’s dried and crushed

Schedule 1

Question 10

THC turns off 1) _________ naturally occurring inhibition.

Answer 10

1) dopamine’s

Question 11

Cocaine blocks absorption of 1) _________.

Answer 11

1) dopamine

Question 12

Amphetamines increase 1) ________ release.

Answer 12

1) dopamine

Question 13

Nicotine increases 1) _______ release and blocks 2) _____ by interfering with 3) ______

Answer 13

1) dopamine
2) absorption3
3) MAO (miomine oxidase)

Question 14

Common among all drugs

Answer 14

There is a learning and cognitive component to all drugs that include environmental cues and expectancy effects.

Question 15

Nicotine activates several systems including 1) _____, 2) ______, and 3) _______.

Answer 15

1) dopamine
2) opioid
3) acetylcholine

Question 16

Receptor that activate when exposed to nicotine: 1) _________, and it is up regulated by 2) _______.

Answer 16

1) nAChR (nicotine acetylcholine receptor)

2) nicotine

Question 17

MRI

Answer 17

Studies anatomy

Question 18

fMRI

Answer 18

Studies function

Question 19

fMRI’s are BOLD, which means 1) __________. This measures neural activity (indirectly) by observing changes in oxygen levels. Active neurons 2) _______ oxygen and become 3) _______ magnetic which 4) _______ the fMRI signal.

Answer 19

1) blood oxygen level dependent
2) lose
3) more
4) increase

Question 20

The eye

Answer 20

Know structures ✔️

Question 21

Aspects of light

Answer 21

Brightness (amplitude of wave)
Color (wavelength type)
Saturation (purity)

Question 22

Myopia

Answer 22

Nearsighted, needs concave lens to correct.

Question 23

Hyperopia

Answer 23

Farsighted, requires convex lens to correct.

Question 24

Retina has 1) _____ layers

Answer 24

1) 3

Ganglion cells, bipolar neurons, and photo receptors.

Question 25

Photoreceptors

Answer 25

Rods (120 million) and cones (5 million).

Question 26

Photoreceptors receptors respond to various light 1) ________. There are two types, rods and cones. Rods are responsible for 2) ______ vision, and cones are responsible for 3) __________ vision.

Answer 26

1) waves
2) low light
3) color/detail

Question 27

Three types of cones

Answer 27

Blue (419), green (531), and red (559).

Question 28

1) _____ ______ is where R visual field information from 2) ______ eye crosses to 3) ________ side of the brain in order to travel with R visual field information from 4) ______ eye. Visa versa for L visual field information.

Answer 28

1) optic chiasm
2) right
3) left
4) left

Question 29

Lateral inhibition

Answer 29

Ability of active neurons to reduce the activity of neighboring neurons.

Question 30

LGN

Answer 30

Multi-layered (6), located on both side of the brain.

Question 31

The first four layers of the LGN are 1) _________, 2 layers of which receive information from each eye. They receive signals from 2) ______ ganglion cells and are responsible for 3) _______ and 4) ________.

Answer 31

1) parvocellular
2) midget
3) special detail
4) perception of brightness/color

Question 32

Each of the bottom 1) _____ layers of the LGN receive information from each eye. They are responsible for 2) _______ and 3) ________, which means they are 4) ________.

Answer 32

1) 2
2) motion perception
3) changes in stimuli
4) magnocellular

Question 33

LGN TO 1) _______

Answer 33

V1 = primary visual cortex.

Question 34

Cortically magnified

Answer 34

Means that’s the retinotopic map is “focused,” with information from the fovea being magnified.

Question 35

The central 1) __ °of visual field occupies 2) ___% of V1.

Answer 35

1) 10

2) 50

Question 36

Neurons in V1 can be 1) __________ or 2) _________ selective.

Answer 36

1) orientation

2) direction

Question 37

Simple cells

Answer 37

Monocular AND binocular

** have on/off subregions in which inhibition falls in peripheral field. They are orientation selective.

Question 38

Complex cells

Answer 38

Binocular ONLY

** there are no separate on/off subregions. They are orientation selective.

Question 39

V2 is important because it…

Answer 39

Fills in out BLINDSPOT!

Question 40

V4 is important because it is responsible for…

Answer 40

Color vision!

Question 41

Superior colliculus receives 1) ____% of visual input and functions in 2) _____ and 3) ______. The other 4) ______% goes toward the 5) _____.

Answer 41

1) 10
2) eye movement
3) integrating eye/ear input
4) 90
5) LGN

Question 42

Sensory adaptation

Answer 42

Occurs when sensory receptors become less responsive to unchanging stimuli.
** ie microsaccades

Question 43

Anandamide is a naturally occurring cannabinoid and is involved in removing unnecessary STM’s, slowing down movement, and making us feel relaxed. It does this by removing the inhibition of dopamine release. It is mimicked by the active chemical 1) ______ found in marijuana, which activates these cannabinoid receptors in the brain.

Answer 43

1) THC

Question 44

Cocaine acts on dopaminergic system by blocking reuptake, causing 1) ________. It is active in reward pathway.

Answer 44

Overstimulation

Question 45

Strength of magnet in fMRI = 1) ____ tesla.

Answer 45

1) 0.5-4.0

Question 46

Trade off of MRI and fMRI is power of 1) _______. 1 really great picture versus multiple images at lower quality.

Answer 46

1) resolution

Question 47

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

Answer 47

Measures integrity of white matter tracts

Question 48

Visible light is between 1) _____ and 2) _____ nm.

Answer 48

1) 400

2) 700

Question 49

Lea saturated color = 1) _______

Answer 49

1) larger VARIETY of wavelengths!