Midterm Flashcards
Out brains have 1) _________ receptor sites that respond to opiate drugs. They exists because off out naturally manufactured feel-good chemicals called 2) _________.
1) natural
2) endorphins
Morphine and Herion both activate the 1) ________ and 2)_________ systems
1) dopaminergic
2) opioid
1) _______ is synthesized from 2) _________, it is considered a 3) ________, it is a schedule 4) ______ drug and it is highly addictive because of high 5) ____________.
1) heroin
2) morphine
3) prodrug
4) 1
5) bioavailability
Prodrug
A drug that is broken down into an active form via some chemical process such as hydrolization (addition of a water molecule).
Bioavailability
The degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into the circulatory system.
*** 25 % morphine
6-monoacetylmorphine
Compound found in Herion that is looked for in urine samples, often verifying use of legal/illegal substances.
Herion is made from morphine. Morphing is made from opium. Opium comes from 1) ______ ______.
1) poppy plants
Poppy plants and opium
Tar-like material that results from drying latex material found inside opium poppy. Contains small amount of codeine and 8-10% morphine.
Vietnam war study
Only 15% of Herion addicts became re-addicted once returned home. The other 85 % did not. Those 15% that did relapse had history of drug addiction prior to entering war. So, the 85% were environmentally conditioned.
Marijuana
Cannabis Sativa once it’s dried and crushed
Schedule 1
THC turns off 1) _________ naturally occurring inhibition.
1) dopamine’s
Cocaine blocks absorption of 1) _________.
1) dopamine
Amphetamines increase 1) ________ release.
1) dopamine
Nicotine increases 1) _______ release and blocks 2) _____ by interfering with 3) ______
1) dopamine
2) absorption3
3) MAO (miomine oxidase)
Common among all drugs
There is a learning and cognitive component to all drugs that include environmental cues and expectancy effects.
Nicotine activates several systems including 1) _____, 2) ______, and 3) _______.
1) dopamine
2) opioid
3) acetylcholine
Receptor that activate when exposed to nicotine: 1) _________, and it is up regulated by 2) _______.
1) nAChR (nicotine acetylcholine receptor)
2) nicotine
MRI
Studies anatomy
fMRI
Studies function
fMRI’s are BOLD, which means 1) __________. This measures neural activity (indirectly) by observing changes in oxygen levels. Active neurons 2) _______ oxygen and become 3) _______ magnetic which 4) _______ the fMRI signal.
1) blood oxygen level dependent
2) lose
3) more
4) increase
The eye
Know structures ✔️
Aspects of light
Brightness (amplitude of wave)
Color (wavelength type)
Saturation (purity)
Myopia
Nearsighted, needs concave lens to correct.
Hyperopia
Farsighted, requires convex lens to correct.
Retina has 1) _____ layers
1) 3
Ganglion cells, bipolar neurons, and photo receptors.
Photoreceptors
Rods (120 million) and cones (5 million).
Photoreceptors receptors respond to various light 1) ________. There are two types, rods and cones. Rods are responsible for 2) ______ vision, and cones are responsible for 3) __________ vision.
1) waves
2) low light
3) color/detail
Three types of cones
Blue (419), green (531), and red (559).
1) _____ ______ is where R visual field information from 2) ______ eye crosses to 3) ________ side of the brain in order to travel with R visual field information from 4) ______ eye. Visa versa for L visual field information.
1) optic chiasm
2) right
3) left
4) left
Lateral inhibition
Ability of active neurons to reduce the activity of neighboring neurons.
LGN
Multi-layered (6), located on both side of the brain.
The first four layers of the LGN are 1) _________, 2 layers of which receive information from each eye. They receive signals from 2) ______ ganglion cells and are responsible for 3) _______ and 4) ________.
1) parvocellular
2) midget
3) special detail
4) perception of brightness/color
Each of the bottom 1) _____ layers of the LGN receive information from each eye. They are responsible for 2) _______ and 3) ________, which means they are 4) ________.
1) 2
2) motion perception
3) changes in stimuli
4) magnocellular
LGN TO 1) _______
V1 = primary visual cortex.
Cortically magnified
Means that’s the retinotopic map is “focused,” with information from the fovea being magnified.
The central 1) __ °of visual field occupies 2) ___% of V1.
1) 10
2) 50
Neurons in V1 can be 1) __________ or 2) _________ selective.
1) orientation
2) direction
Simple cells
Monocular AND binocular
** have on/off subregions in which inhibition falls in peripheral field. They are orientation selective.
Complex cells
Binocular ONLY
** there are no separate on/off subregions. They are orientation selective.
V2 is important because it…
Fills in out BLINDSPOT!
V4 is important because it is responsible for…
Color vision!
Superior colliculus receives 1) ____% of visual input and functions in 2) _____ and 3) ______. The other 4) ______% goes toward the 5) _____.
1) 10
2) eye movement
3) integrating eye/ear input
4) 90
5) LGN
Sensory adaptation
Occurs when sensory receptors become less responsive to unchanging stimuli.
** ie microsaccades
Anandamide is a naturally occurring cannabinoid and is involved in removing unnecessary STM’s, slowing down movement, and making us feel relaxed. It does this by removing the inhibition of dopamine release. It is mimicked by the active chemical 1) ______ found in marijuana, which activates these cannabinoid receptors in the brain.
1) THC
Cocaine acts on dopaminergic system by blocking reuptake, causing 1) ________. It is active in reward pathway.
Overstimulation
Strength of magnet in fMRI = 1) ____ tesla.
1) 0.5-4.0
Trade off of MRI and fMRI is power of 1) _______. 1 really great picture versus multiple images at lower quality.
1) resolution
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
Measures integrity of white matter tracts
Visible light is between 1) _____ and 2) _____ nm.
1) 400
2) 700
Lea saturated color = 1) _______
1) larger VARIETY of wavelengths!
