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3640 - Cloud Compute & Virtualization > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Type of Hypervisors

A

Software that abstracts hardware resources from VM

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2
Q

A hypervisor…

A

manages all of the interactions between VM and hardware resources

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3
Q

Type 1 Hypervisor

A

Runs directly on hardware

  • More secure and more available
  • Offers better performance to the guests it supports
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4
Q

Type 2 Hypervisor

A

Runs on top of an OS

  • Leverages the OS drivers
  • Often used for desktop development and testing
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5
Q

VMware ESXi

A

First commercially available hypervisor (1998) for the x86 platform

  • Currently market leader in user share and maturity of offerings
  • Architecture not tied to an OS
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6
Q

Xen

A

Began Cambridge University research project

  • Currently exists as an open source project and the core has been used by a number of vendors including Citrix & Oracle
  • Dom0 is primarily based on Linux
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7
Q

Microsoft Hyper V

A

Released 2008, but virtualization was available through Virtual Server 2005
- Similar architecture to Xen

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8
Q

Virtual machines vs Virtual appliances

A

VA is a pre-configured virtual machine image, ready to run on a hypervisor

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9
Q

VA is…

A

not complete VM platform, but rather a software image containing a software stack desgined to run on VM

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10
Q

VM is…

A

emulation of a particular computer system

- operate based on pc architecture and functions of a real pc

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11
Q

Clones, snapshots, copies and templates

VM composed of…

A

configuration files that describe virtual hardware (.vmx)

- disk files that contain data (.vmdk)

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12
Q

Sysprep is..

A

Windows specific utility that can be used to automate customization of cloned VM (NOT ideal)

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13
Q

Full Clones are..

A

replicas of original VM and require same storage space

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14
Q

Linked Clones uses…

A

original VM for reference and any changes are kept in a delta disk
- requires less space than FC though cause performance issues

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15
Q

VM Templates are..

A

models of VM that can be cloned

  • VM that cant be powered on(read only state)
  • configured to be ‘golden images-a validated and approved combo of OS with patches, corporate, approved utilities
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16
Q

Snapshots..

A

capture entire machine state at a moment in time

  • allows user to make changes to the VM and then undo them by reverting to snapshot
  • not used as backup solution due to potential performance issues
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17
Q

Snapshot files

A

.vmsd - contains relevant info about snapshot
- .vmem - contains memory state of VM
- .vmsn - VM snapshot file store the state of the VM at time of snapshot
- .vmdk - child disk files termed sparse disks
Each child (snapshot) disk is designated with a snapshot iteration number

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18
Q

Snapshots lock original VM disk and…

A

create child a disk where changed blocks are written.

- when user reverts to snapshot, child disk is erased and changes start again

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19
Q

Multiple snapshots can…

A

be taken creating sophisticated branches of development

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20
Q

Deleting snapshots removes…

A

the child disk with changes allowing original disk to be written once again

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21
Q

Virtual Switch vs Virtual network adaptors

Hypervisors can manage virtual internal networks with…

A

virtual switches-no connection to a NIC or any physical communication port

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22
Q

VMs connect to virtual switches that are tied to…

A

physical NICs

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23
Q

In Xen, virtual switches are handled by…

A

Dom0 instead of hypervisor

- hypervisor doesnt manage network I/O

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24
Q

Network attached storage uses…

A

virtual switches and physical NICs

- should be isolated from user traffic with separate virtual/physical network paths

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25
Q

Configuration options

VM Network option

A

Edit>Virtual Network Editor
Bridged Connection - tied to the VMnet0 virtual adaptor
NAT connection - tied to the VMnet8 virtual adaptor
Host-only connection - tied to VMnet1 virtual adaptor

26
Q

Bridged Network Connection

A

Each VM has unique IP address that is recognized and reachable from outside host

27
Q

Hypervisor manages..

A

the traffic through virtual switches

28
Q

If installed the hypervisor on a host with multiple NICs, you may…

A

want to select a specific one

- use pull down menu to select specific NIC

29
Q

Bridged Network Connection

Virtual Network adaptor is not created so…

A

Perform ipconfig on host
- no VMnet0
it is protocol stack that is bound to the physical adaptor

30
Q

Go to host. Right click on NIC then properties…

A

See VMware Bridge Protocol

31
Q

Network Address Translation

A

Each VM has unique IP but is not reachable from outside the host
- host translates the address for use on outside network and routes responses to correct VM

32
Q

How long has virtualization been around?

A

First commercially available hypervisor (1998) for the x86 platform
VMware ESXi
- first commercial x86 hypervisor developed by VMware in 2001

33
Q

Advantages of using virtualization

A

to achieve competitive advantages and save money (1970s)

- Proprietary solutions were expensive and inflexible

34
Q

Virtualization provides..

A

large ROIs by removing cost from infrastructure

35
Q

Hypervisors allow multiple virtual servers to run on a single host, which means…

A

fewer servers are used and resources are consumed more efficiently

36
Q

Moore’s Law

Processing power doubles…

A

roughly every eighteen months

  • coined around processing power
  • today, applies to many technologies
37
Q

Guest vs Host

Host system would be the..

A

primary and first installed OS, if you are using bare metal Virtualization platform like hyper-V or ESX, there really isnt a host OS besides the Hypervisor

38
Q

Type-2 hypervisor like VMware Server..

A

host OS is whatever OS those applications are installed into

39
Q

Guest System is a..

A

Virtual guest or VM that is installed under the host OS.

- guests are the VMs that you run in your virtualization platform

40
Q

Host & guest

A

Parent & child

41
Q

pCPU vs vCPU

Central Processing Unit uses..

A

instruction set plus data to perform calculations

42
Q

pCPU physical CPU

A

Virtualizing a CPU is actually the hypervisor scheduling slices of time on pCPU

43
Q

vCPU virtual CPU = 1 physical core though vCPUs arent mapped to..

A

pCPUs

44
Q

When planning for resources vCPUs can…

A

be roughly mapped to a single core

45
Q

If VM is configured with 4 vCPUs and host has 4 pCPUs, all 4 of the 4 pCPUs need..

A

to be idle for the VM’s work to be scheduled

46
Q

vCPUs can be adjusted by specifying…

A

cores

  • vCPUs can be hot-added with some OS
    Different platforms support different amounts of vCPUs in VM
47
Q

When sizing virtualization host, since single pCPU is not 100% busy…

A

one pCPU can service multiple vCPUs

48
Q

In a 4 processor quad core system at 1:1

A

16 vCPUs can be configured

49
Q

VM with multiple vCPUs needs to schedult time..

A

on multiple pCPUs

50
Q

vCPUs might hinder performance on factors like…

A

physical resources and CPU contention

51
Q

Best practice is to configure 1 vCPU to new VM..

A

and increase if needed rather than start higher

52
Q

Hyperthreading is an..

A

Intel technology that provides better CPU utilization

53
Q

Hyperthreading provides up to..

A

an additional 30% of performance per CPU, though it appears to double the amount of CPUs

54
Q

2 prerequisites of hyperthreading

A

OS must support multiple processors

- OS must support hyperthreading

55
Q

OVF vs OVA

Open Virtualization Format

A

Vendor neutral industry standard

  • cross vendor and cross platform
  • used for export and import of VM
56
Q

Open Virtual Appliance/Application

A

can bundle multiple VMs into one package

57
Q

Good idea to use NAT when first creating VM since…

A

It gives time to install anti-virus software and configure security should you change to bridged networking

58
Q

Host-only network creates an internal only network. It is invisible to systems on…

A

the physical network

  • IP is visible by other VMs on internal network
  • allows you to create private subnet
  • Built in DHCP server
59
Q

Lan segments is a private network..

A

that is shared by other VMs

- a LAN segment can be useful for multitier testing

60
Q

P2V creates VM using existing..

A

physical servers as their templates

61
Q

Hot cloning creates VM while source workload is..

A

active-no application interruption is necessary

62
Q

Cold cloning requires application to be inactive

A

possibly rate of data change is too rapid for P2V to ever complete

3640 - Cloud Compute & Virtualization (1 decks)

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