Midterm Flashcards
Earliest use of symbols (there are three examples I gave you)
ocher-> pigment used for paint
funeral paraphernalia
boia fragments w/ notches cut into them. not functional, but symbolic.
Tokens (why were they developed, what did they do, what were the pro’s and con’s)
kept track of stuff. Each token first represented one thing. The problems arose when the tokens got to be bulky.
Rebus principle
pictures to represent sounds
*Effects of literacy
The average Joe could learn to write.
People stopped blindly believing the church
They no longer had to memorize everything.
This skill was no longer for the rich.
Johannes Gutenberg
developed first printing press
Gutenberg Bible
First Mass Produced book of length.
Still very expensive,
but faster
and more universal than the hand written Bibles of the scribes.
Johann Fust
owned Gutenberg’s press. Took it back from him to pay back debts.
Changes the printing press made to history
Scholarship Oral traditions Languages Handwriting vs Printing Authorship Commercialization Pagination Religion
Benefits of printing vs. handwriting
Printing meant conformity (turn to pg 394)
while Handwriting was more individuality.
Pulp paper (what is it, and what was the effect of it)
Pulp paper is paper made from wood chips. It was cheaper than calf skin paper. The faster and cheaper something is to make, the better for the producer.
High-speed presses
Faster than the original press
papers reels
Instead of individual sheets
typesetting
using individual characters that are movable
Camera obscura
is an optical device that led to photography and the camera. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Pinhole camera created by Henry Fox Talbot
Louis Daguerre
daguerrotype- plates coded with silver
Mathew Brady and his relationship with the idea of media bias
Civil War pictures. What the media did and did not show/promote was clear. Used govt connections to really support the union. First strong example of media devices.
Photography’s relationship to propaganda (especially with the government)
The pictures that are shown in media will send whatever message the government shows and therefore will change depending on the positivity or negativity of the event at hand.
Persistence of vision
led to movies.
Edward Muybridge did a moving image of a horse. Kinda like a gif.
It was impressive for it’s time and the first people had seen of something like it.
Edward Muybridge
horse gif. Persistence of vision
Newsreels
form of short documentary film prevalent in the first half of the twentieth century, regularly released in a public presentation place and containing filmed news stories and items of topical interest
Electromagnetic spectrum
led to the telegraph and wireless technology to help the navy.
Television news’ development
Philio Farnsworth is the father of television. He developed it through highschool science. He called it an Image Detector. Television entertainment and news were developed instead of newsreels.
Cable TV (how/why was it created)
Cable TV was developed by Ed Parsons in Oregon because the mountains made the signal difficult. It used cables to transmit programming.
Cloud computing
Stores information somewhere else.
*Media convergence
Distribution- no longer need paper/books to do things. We can use the internet.
Devices- used to need various devices do tons of things. Now it can all be done on one devise.
Distinctions- Not so clear cut anymore. A phone is not just used to call.
Production- any one can produce media
Democratization- You don’t have to be an expert to make a movie.
Moore’s law
over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every 12-18 months
Global village (Marshall McLuhan)
“The medium is the message” Technology drives social change. We can be connected to everyone.
Media deficit approach
When looking at new media, they would talk about how it was different from face to face
Filtered communication
Filtered communication- removes non verbal cues
- Social presence theory
- Media richness theory
Social presence theory
the degree to which you can feel somebody is actually there. Face to face communication is generally high in this kind of social presence, ant that media vary in the amount of social presence they convey.
*Media richness theory
have face to face contact puts all types of media on a continuum. Face to face is the richest and all others go down from there. Theory that describes the potential information- carrying capacity of a communication medium.
Rich media- not as good as face to face, but skype is better than email.
Lean media- Email takes out all tone and body language.
Asynchronous interaction
The interaction is not immediate. This is a fundamental attribution error. Communication in which messages are sent and received at different times.
Media augmentation approach
Using our tech to compliment or add something to our face to face interaction.
Social network theory
There are patterns of connection between people. The stronger they are the more they will use everything they have to communicate.
Theory that proposes that the patterns of connections among people affect their social behavior and communication.
S-M-C-R model
Source- Message- Channel- Receiver
No longer a very good picture. Applicable in some cases, but there are better ones.
Lasswell’s model of mediated communication
who says what to whom in which channel with what effect
Hypodermic needle model
magic bullet. Assumes everyone responds the same way to a media message
Concentric circle model
About Mass Comm. Middle is message. Next circle is gatekeepers. Bigger is the type of medium. Then regulates then filters. It takes each layer to get to where it needs to go.
(For sure an essay) Compare contrast: *Agenda Setting *Gatekeeping *Framing
Agenda Setting- defining the issues. Media don’t tell us what to think but what to think about. Tells you what to focus on.
Gatekeeping- Deciding what is news. There might be important things being ignored because they don’t get through, but not deliberate.
Framing- Applying the spin. Gives a specific context to think about the problem in
Diffusion of innovations Key characteristics
Relative advantage- do something better
Compatibility- Does it fit in with my lifestyle
Complexity- Is it hard to work
Trialability- Can you test it out before committing?
Digital divide
The divide between those who do and do not have access to certain technologies
*Four levels of technocapital
Material Access- to technology itself
Mental Access- Convinced that the tech will be important to them. Need to be motivated to see that it will matter to you
Skills Access- training. Tech that is user friendly
Usage Access- Need to know how to use the application on the device
4 specific trends that have transformed the knowledge and skill sets of industry professionals
Convergence- The skills required to work in media industries require even entry-level job seekers to demonstrate multiple skills that were considered separate specialties not so long ago.
Altered Business Models- because of evolving digital technologies, may industries have changed models for a single person to perform tasks that one required the work of many. Companies can hire fewer people and invest more funds in technology.
Portfolio Applications- resumes are no longer enough. Digital or online collections of completed projects that demonstrate a specific skills set or knowledge base.
Freelancing- working as self-employed or jumping from contract to contract.
Why organizations might use contract or freelance employees instead of hourly or salaried ones
They are not a direct employee of the agency
They must submit invoices to get paid, known as fee-for-service payment
The contracted professional must pay quarterly taxes and pay for his or her own health insurance and retirement funds
the individual is not covered under the company’s liability and E&O insurance policies
They may or may not retain ownership of intellectual properties created under contract
Hard skills
skills that you need to get the job done
Soft skills
skills that drive you to learn new skills and demonstrate talent, worth ethic, and drive
Four estates
1) Clergy
2) Nobility
3) Common People
4) Media
Watchdog role of media
the press as an informally structured check on the legislative, executive and judicial branches of U.S. government
Equal time rule and exceptions
If a station allows one candidate to run adds, must give same time at the same rate as others. documentary bona fide news interview scheduled newscast on-the-spot news event
Fairness doctrine
1949-1987
required broadcast stations to cover all sides of an issue
was ended because issue oriented programs stopped
had opposite affect that what it wanted
Tornillo opinion**
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld First Amendment protection for the print media even if they are imbalanced and unfair.
Case- the newspaper wasn’t letting a candidate defend himself in it. said this was against fairness doctrine
Outcome- Tornillo lost. The newspaper’s choice was upheld
Trial balloons
deliberate leak of potential policy usually from a diversionary source, to test public response
Leaks
A deliberate disclosure of confidential or classified information by someone who wants to advance the public interest, embarrass a bureaucratic rival or supervisor, or disclose incompetence or skullduggery
*Media obsessions + opinion on it
Presidential Coverage- the face of all the issues are dealing with
Conflict- problems are things we are interested in
Scandals- we like the conflict with these
Horse races- competition. Making it seem closer than it really is
Brevity- things that are short. Sound bites. The problem is that complex things take longer time. Don’t want to hear about this on the news.
2 revenue streams for media
Advertising- sell space for ears or eyes
Sales to media consumers- selling product
First copy costs
costs the most. The more of something you sell, the cheaper each product becomes.
Economies of scale
the more of something you make, the less it costs to make it. Production increase, unit cost goes down
*3 benefits of competition
quality- item quality increases
choice- you can choose the item you like most
cost- the cost will be a fair cost
Price gouging
charging a lot of money when consumers have no other options but to buy it
Price slashing
putting another company out of business with low prices.
Withholding innovation
not being forthcoming with ideas
Barriers to entry
obstacles that make it difficult to enter a given market
Conglomerates
Process of companies being brought into common ownership but remaining distinct entities
Divestiture
jokeying their properties for new advantage.
Cooperative model of ownership
?
Associated Press
Not for profit source of information. Can be used by the media that subscribe to it as filler or to cover big stories.
