Midterm Flashcards

Question

(25) (p.150-151-chp.4) Be familiar with Erikson?s psychosocial stages of development, especially in the first few years of life

Answer 1

According to all major theories, caregiver behavior is especially influential in the first two years. Erikson emphasized trust and autonomy ERIKSON: Trust and autonomy stages Trust versus mistrust Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met Autonomy versus shame and doubt Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies Early problems An adult who is suspicious and pessimistic (mistrusting) or who is easily shamed (insufficient autonomy) can be created

Answer 2

The impact of nonmaternal care depends on many factors,it varies from on nation to antoher and probably from on child to antoher and probably from one child to another, Although each theory focuses on a dfferent aspect of this controversy all agree that quality of care (responsive individualized is crucial no matter who provides that care Cultural variations in allocare are vast. Most newborns will be cared for primarily or exclusively by their mothers, with allocare increasing from ages 1 to 20. Worldwide, only about 15 percent of infants (birth to age 2) receive daily care from a nonrelative who is paid and trained to provide it. Differences are affected by culture more than by universal psychosocial needs of babies and parents, and changes occur through economic and political pressures Family day care Child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it. Center day care Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.

Answer 3

BANDURA: Social learning theory Parents mold an infant's emotions and personality through reinforcement and punishment Behavior patterns acquired by observing the behavior of others Demonstrated in the classic Bobo Doll study

Answer 4

BMI (the ratio of weight to height) is lower at ages 5 and 6 than at any other time of life

Answer 5

Corpus callosum Is part of the brain that grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood Consists of a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain Facilitates communication between the two brain hemispheres. failure of the corpus callosum to mature results in serious disorders, posible cause of autism

Answer 6

2 to 6 year old may be at greater nutritional risk than children of any other age because they eat too much of the wrong foods, families encourage eating protecting children against famine, infant and early childhood malnutrition contributes to one third of all child deaths and lows later growths including growth of the brain.

Answer 7

Piaget: Preoperational thought Preoperational means “before (pre) logical operations (reasoning processes).” The child's verbal ability permits symbolic thinking. Language frees the child from the limits of sensorimotor experience. Centration- A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others. Egocentrism- Piaget's term for young children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. Focus on appearance- A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent. Static reasoning

Answer 8

Vygotsky: Social learning Every aspect of children's cognitive development is embedded in the social context. Apprentice in thinking Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society. zone of proximal development that a person can exercise only with assistance not yet independently scaffolding: temporary support that tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process over imitation: the tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned, imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient

Answer 9

Prosocial behavior Extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself: Increases from age 3 to 6 Empathy Understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own Antisocial actions Deliberately hurting another person, including people who have done no harm: Declines beginning at age 2 Antipathy Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

Answer 10

Instrumental aggression: Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it. Reactive aggression: An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical. Relational aggression: Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people. Bullying aggression: Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Answer 11

All media—television, the Internet, electronic games, and so on—can be harmful, especially when the content is violent. Six major organizations recommend no electronic media at all for children under age 2 and strict limitations after that. Violent media teach aggression. All forms of media take time from constructive interaction, creative activities, and family interaction.

Answer 12

Authoritarian parenting: High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication (Baumrind) Children of authoritarian parents tend to: Become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy Feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go well Rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20 Permissive parenting: High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control (Baumrind) Children of permissive parents tend to: Be unhappy and lack self-control, especially in peer relationships Suffer from inadequate emotional regulation Be immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness) Continue to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood Authoritative parenting: Parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children (Baumrind) Children of authoritative parents tend to: Be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others Be well-liked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued Neglectful/uninvolved parenting: Parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives (Sternberg)

Answer 13

Piaget called the cognition of middle childhood concrete operational thought characterized by concept that enable children to use logic. thinking at this stage is concrete that is logic is applied to visible tangible real things not to abstraction Vygotsky consider thought processes not just outcomes. regarded instruction as crucial he thought that peers and teachers provided the bridge between developmental potential and needed skills and knowledge via guided participation scaffolding and the zone of proximal development Large study of reading and math ability in school-aged children found that high-scoring children had had three sources of cognitive stimulation. Their families Preschool programs First grade

Answer 14

AptitudePotential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge. IQ test Test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100--hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ. Achievement test Measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject. Differential sensitivity and individual capacity mean that strategies, pacing, and curriculum details need to be tailored to the particular nature of the child. Flynn effect: The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations. Multiple intelligence the idea that human intelligence is comprised of varied set of abilities rather than a single all encompassing one

Answer 15

Resilience Capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress Important components Resilience is dynamic. Resilience is a positive adaptation to stress. Adversity must be significant. Resilience is dynamic - a person may be resilient at some periods but not at others. Resilience is a positive adaptation to stress - if rejection by a parent leads a child to establish a closer relationship with another adult, that child is resilient. Adversity must be significant - Resilient children overcome conditions that overwhelm many of their peers. Accumulated stresses over time, including minor ones, are more devastating than an isolated major stress. Cumulative stress: accumulated stress over time including minor ones are devastating than a isolated major stress Cognitive coping: coping measures reduce the impact of repeating stress escaping home: children may develop their own friends activities and skills. social support and religious faith: strengthens the ability to deal with stress

Answer 16

Family function Way a family works to meet the needs of its members Families help children Provide basic material necessities Encourage learning Help them develop self-respect Nurture friendships Foster harmony and stability Structure influences but does not determine function. Which structures make it more likely that the five family functions (necessities, learning, self-respect, friendship, harmony/stability) will occur? Two factors increase the likelihood of dysfunction in every structure, ethnic group, and nation. Low income or poverty High conflict Poverty: Family-stress model Crucial question to ask about any risk factor is whether or not it increases the stress on a family. Adults' stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determining the effect on the children. Conflict Family conflict harms children, especially when adults fight about child rearing. Fights are more common in stepfamilies, divorced families, and extended families. Although genes have some effect, conflict itself was the main influence on the child's well-being. Function matter more

Answer 17

Nutrition Children need far fewer calories per pound of body weight than infants do. Obesity is a more frequent problem than malnutrition. Children in low-income families are especially vulnerable to obesity because their cultures still guard against undernutrition and their parents may rely on fast foods. Overfeeding is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity, such as heart disease and diabetes. Many 6- to 11-year-olds eat too much, exercise too little, and become overweight or obese as a result. Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, Childhood overweight correlates with asthma, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol. Pester power contributes to weight gain Nations differ not only in obesity rates but also in children's television ads. The amount of advertising of unhealthy foods on television correlates with childhood obesity—except in nations where few children watch TV. childhood overwieght correlates with asthma high blood pressure and elevate cholesterol. excessive weight builds school achievement often decreases, selfesteeem falls and loneliness rises. if obese children stay heavy they become adults who are less likely to marry attend college or find work that reflects their ability

Answer 18

``` Ideally nutrition starts with colostrum a thick high calorie fluid secreted by the mothers breast, then produces milk. compared with formula based on cows milk human milk is sterile always at body temperature rich in iron vitamins and other newly discovered nutirents for brain and body. babies that are breast fed are less ofen sick breast milk provides antibodies against any disease to which the mother is immune and descreases allergies and asthma. disease protection continues lifelong because babies who are exclusivley breast fed for six months are less like to become obese and thus less likely to develop diabetes or heart disease. the specific fats and sugars in breast milk make it more digestible and better for the brain than any substitue. Asian and African mothers worry more about separation; European and North American mothers worry more about lack of privacy. Pros Easier response time Less parental exhaustion More convenient for breast-feeding Cons Higher SID Ghosts in the nursery phenomenon ```