Midterm Flashcards
Patient
Deviant
Physician
Social Control Agent
Disease
diagnosis (dx)
Illness
social experience
Macroperspective
thinking about the big picture… whole world
Tetiary care
most expensive
24/7 care
people are already sick
EX: ER
Secondary prevention
at risk populations
preventive care
Primary prevention
whole country
public health
cheapest
EX: water, sewage
Germ Theory of Disease
many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific microorganisms
treat with antibiotics and vitamins
Focus more on disease than person
ability to diagnose and “magic bullets”
Morbidity
symptoms of illness and impairment
Mortality
amount of death
Chronic
not curable
EX: cancer
Power
ability to give others to do as one wants
not always bad
Who should have power?
What are the consequences when power is unequal, abusive?
Sociology IN medicine
Questions that doctors find useful to better understand patients, so, patients are more compliant
Focus on patient behavior
Sociology OF medicine
Challenges medical views of world and existing power relationships within health care systems
Focus on social groups and institutions
Epidemiology
comes from epidemics… disease
distribution of disease within a population according to social factors rather than biological factors/genetics
Incidents
new cases of disease
Prevalence
total number of cases at a specific time
Epidemiological Transition
process by which the pattern of mortality and disease is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemic affecting all age groups to one of degenerative and man-made diseases (such as those attributed to smoking) affecting principally the elderly
Epidemics
first appearance of new disease
EX: ebola virus
Endemics
diseases that establish themselves within a population and have a stable presence over time
EX: cancer
Pandemics
worldwide epidemic
Whole Person Health
1) physiological EX: xrays, mri
2) psychological EX: hippocrates
3) social EX: lose job, health insurance denials, divorce
Individual oriented medicine
patient going to see doctor
sociology in medicine
population/public oriented medicine
vaccinations, sanitation
Main Killers
chronic diseases
Why have mortality rates slowed?
no cured cancer
no cured alztimers
rise of chronic diseases
antibiotics/medicine to cure acute diseases
What do solutions create?
Solutions will always create a whole new set of problems
Sedimentary Lifestyle
unhealthy lifestyle
also known as a couch potatoe
Man-made diseases
tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, obesity, sedimentary lifestyle, automobiles, firearms, sexual behavior, medical errors, toxic agents, superbugs
Tobacco
18% deaths in Chicago first hand and second hand smoking more addictive than heroin successful campaign at primary and secondary levels due to government involvement women - harder to stop
Alcohol
4% deaths
prohibition, dry cities, etc.
Marijuana
risk factors for heart disease and heart attacks
Should “high” people drive?
Heroin, cocaine, etc.
1% deaths
Obesity
17% deaths in US
drive thrus via cars
sedimentary lifestyle
diabetes, stroke, cancer, cardiovascular = killers
Sedimentary Lifestyle
more of a problem than actual obesity
an actual killer
Firearms
1% deaths via homicides, accidental, law enforcement caused, suicide
US have higher rates than all other industrialized countries
Sexual behavior
1% deaths
cervical cancer, HIV, AIDs, Hepatitis
unprotected sex encouraged via entertainment
Automobiles
2% deaths
drug use, design of cars, lack of transportation system
US die more than Europeans due to US drive more
Medical errors
13% deaths in US surgery on wrong person or wrong part prescription problems misdiagnosis infections in hospitals - antibiotic resistant more is NOT better IL Report Card not being vaccinated too many antibiotics... antibiotic resistant
Toxic Agents
2% deaths
environmental/occupational hazards/pollutants
child exposure in neighborhoods and schools
global warming
Social Drift Theory
1) disease cause poverty
2) poverty causes disease
Materialistic Theory
Question: Who has power?
Can their power explore cities?
Women have no power in many countries
US has power and influence but also freedom restrictions
Pre-Scientific Explanations
deviants are at fault for getting sick
immoral behavior
1) Personality Theory
2) Naturalistic Theory
Personality Theory
pre-scientific explanation
there are supernatural forces label disease as immoral behavior, so, being sick is part of punishment
Naturalistic Theory
pre-scientific explanation
there are natural forces that are upsetting equilibrium of body… ability to fight off disease
not washing hands, smoking, unprotected sex, etc.
Scientific Explanations
biological forces combined with personal
unhealthy
Modern Explanations
immoral and unhealthy
society is responsible for creating disease
manufactured and man-made diseases
EX: cities, bad transportation, etc.
Biomedical Approach
objective
scientific evidence/data EX: xrays, blood tests, etc.
dx (diagnose) - gives power to certain people to have right to diagnose and treat
evidence based treatment
Psychological Approach
subjective evaluation of one’s own health
1) ability to be involved in pleasurable activities
2) long term satisfaction
3) absence of negative affect (depression, loneliness)
Sociological/Sociocultural Approach
one’s capacity to perform roles and tasks in society
Talcott Parsons
become a deviant if don’t figure out how to continue doing roles/tasks
in between subjective and objective
Health Protected Behaviors
How are you protecting yourself from being sick? individual actions to maintain health 1) Prescriptive - what to do EX: wash hands, work out 2) Proscriptive - what to avoid EX: fast food, other sick people
Max Weber
sociologist
identify macro (sociocultural conditions) and life conduct (personal choices)
Why is there a lack of macro?
value of individualism (freedom/rights)
marketplace strategy - let consumer make own judgement
keep focus on life conduct/individual choices allows one to ignore research which allows to ignore macrofactors
Health Belief Model
1) emotional
- if one feels vulnerable to disease, if believe life conduct will make difference, one will make good choices
2) rational
- theory of reasons and actions (TRA)
- social norms, significant others (influence), importance of compliance/fitting in
- if follow these, will lead to healthy living
Medical Model
1) deviation from “normal”
2) specific and universal
3) biological forces
4) breakdown of how body should function
5) can be treated… has to be treated through a neutral scientific process
Technical Specificity
have to have formal training, which enhances their status in social society
Affective Neutrality
why it isn’t best to do surgery on family
Universalism
treating all patients the same, regardless of race, sex, health insurance or none
Functional Specificity
works with ethics
Legitimate Power
has a beginning and an end
EX: professor in class
Emotionality
strong emotions in deviant-social control agent relationships
