Midterm Flashcards
branch of mechanics that deals
with the equilibrium of bodies at rest or in
motion with zero acceleration
Statics
the
developer of the
basic and compensatory distortion model
of the spine in chiropractic
Dr. Willard Carver
What are the most vulnerable area for subluxation?
Occ.
C1-C2, C4, C7-71, T7-T8, T12, L3, and
Lumbosacral articulation
branch of mechanics that
studies
with the relationship between the forces acting on a body
and the changes they produce in the motion of the body.
Kinetics
Nerve and nerve root compression/traction/torsion is also known as?
Compressive Neuropathy
Pressure on a nerve direct or
indirect is known as?
neurothlipsis
A subluxation to C1 could distort what ligament?
dentate lig
felt by researchers such as Irvin Korr, that the highly-
innervated
tissues around spinal joints,
including
proprioceptors
, may become irritated,
leading to reflex modifications in postural muscle
tonus and neural integration of postural activities
Somatosomatic reflex hypothesis
somatic afferent
bombardment of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord,
leading to the “facilitated” cord segment, with
resultant somatic effects is known as?
proprioceptive insult
Who said “Chiropractors don’t take pressure
off nerves- they put pressure on
mechanoreceptors.
Dr. F Carrick
proposed the idea of nociceptive facilitation?
Seaman
refers to comatic dysafferentation which is describes as an imbalance of afferent input. Specifically nociceptor input is increased and mechanoreceptor input is decreased
Seaman
somatic afferent bombardment due to the
VSC can cause reflexive facilitation of the lateral
horn cells of spinal cord segments; this can lead
to visceral dysfunction through unremitting
abnormally high sympathetic nerve activity
Somatoautomnomic reflex hypothesis
visceral afferent bombardment from body organs
can cause typical referred pain patterns, and can
conceivably cause or predispose spinal levels to
VSC through internuncial connections on
anterior horn cells
Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis
neural dysfunction as a result of VSC is stressful
to the body and lowers tissue resistance,
modifying specific and nonspecific immune
responses
Neurodystrophic hypothesis
What is the first phase of the model for phases of VSC?
Segmental dysfunction kinesiopathology
What is the second phase of the model for phases of VSC?
Instability
What is the third phase of the model for phases of VSC?
Stabilization
Which phase of the three phase model is trauma involved?
phase 1
Which phase of the 3-phase is known as “true” subluxation?
Instability
Which phase in the 3-phase model has significant DJD and ankylosis?
phase 3 (stabilization)
What are the three major subluxation theories?
IVF Encroachment
Altered Sensory Input (dysafferentation)
Spinal Cord distortion
How do chiropractors evaluate
individuals clinically to determine the
appropriateness of chiropractic care?
- Biomechanical evaluation
- Neurologic evaluation
- Trophic assessment
- Psychosocial assessment
Static asymmetry and dynamic asymmetry is part of what evaluation that determines the appropriateness of chiropractic care?
Biomechanical evaluation
imaging procedures is part of what evaluation/assessment?
Biomechanical evaluation
pain, palpatory tenderness, altered muscle tone, vasomotor findings and sudomotor findings are all part of what area of evaluation/ assessment?
Neurologic evaluation
althered tissue texture, edema, metabolic disturbances, nutritional imbalances are all part of what evaluation/assessment?
trophic assessment
mental attitude/outlook, social interactions, lifestyle habits, stress are all part of what evaluation/assessment?
psychosocial assessment
abnormal motion; fixation, hypermobility is part of what model of subluxation?
biomechancial
neurologic irritation and aberrant reflexes are part of what model of subluxation?
neurological models
axoplasmic flow mechanism lymphatic stasis and CSF flow dynamics are part of what model of subluxation?
Trophic Models
mental/emotional state influence on
structure
psychogenic concepts
structural
influence on mental/emotional states
Somatopsychic concepts
What are the three clincial approaches in chiropractic?
segmental
postural
tonal
“Mr. Smith, your second cervical vertebra is subluxated.” is an example of what clinical approach to subluxation
segmental
Ms. Jones, your
spine is
subluxated.” is an example of what clinical approach to subluxation
postural
Dr.Chiro, I need to get
adjusted; I’m subluxated.” is an example of what clinical approach to subluxation
Tonal
Is there one definition of a subluxation?
no
What two ways can we define subluxation?
conceptual (“philosophical”) and operational (“scientific”)
philosophically, vertebral subluxation is a __________
metaphor
Scientifically, vertebral subluxation is a ____________
phenomenon
operational definitions are mainly ______________, not conceptual
phenomenological
The best conceptual definitions are those that are general enough to not conflict with any specific ________ definition
operational
Virtually all definitions of
subluxation that have been or are used are ___________
conceptual
What does MOPI stand for
Misalignment
Occlusion
Pressure
Interference
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a subluxation of any weight bearing spinal articulation that compromises neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health.
vertebral subluxation
The idea that a subluxation progresses in phases defines the subluxation as a _______
process
What are the two component models of subluxation?
Tissue/system components, functional/ conceptual components
What are the five components of the VSC?
- Kinesiopathology
- Myopathology
- Histopathology
- Neuropathophysiology
- Pathophysiology/
Biochemical changes
A restriction of your ability to turn and bend would be what component of the VSC?
Kinesiopathology
Changes in blood or lymph flow can result in swelling and inflammation Discs can bulge, herniate, tear, or degenerate. Other soft tissues such as ligaments may be permanently damaged.
Histopathology
Improper spinal function can compress, stretch, or irritate delicate nerve tissue , including the spinal nerves or spinal cord . The resulting nerve dysfunction can cause symptoms elsewhere in the body.
Neuropatholphysiology
Bone spurs and other abnormal bony growths attempt to fuse malfunctioning spinal joints. This spinal decay, scar tissue and long - term nerve dysfunction can cause other body systems to be adversely affected.
Pathophysiology
What are the 2-Component Model (Amalu & Tiscareno):
- Segmental aberrant spinal
arthrokinematics - Neuropathophysiology
Who porposed the 3-component model?
Kent
What are the three D’s of the 3-component model?
- Dyskinesia
- Dysponesis
- Dysautonomia
disrupted communication between the CNS and the body is known as?
Dysponesis
awareness of the
environment through physical
sensation.
Perception
What occurs when the nervous system doesn’t work normally?
dysponesis
The different combinations of communications between somatic and visceral is known as?
The Reflex model
The somato-somatic model is also known as?
somator-motor
the somato-visceral model is also known as?
somato-visceral
the viscero-somatic model is also known as?
viscero-motor
_______ can result in a positive feedback cycle?
Facilitation
diminished proprioceptive impulses primarily from __________
mechanoreceptors
What are two symptoms that occur when the CNS is deprived of information?
ataxia and dizziness
in somatic dysafferentation there is ________ nociception and/or _________ mechanoreception
increased; decreased
what reflex model can be described as a “bad habit”
somato-somatic
in the somato-somatic model a loss of spinal motion can cause _________ perception of pain; consequently, improved spinal motion can help _______ pain.
increased; relieve
increased sympthetic stimulation of target tissues and organs can result can be termed __________
sympatheticotonia
