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Biology 1001 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is life’s hierarchical levels?

A

Biosphere > Ecosystem > Community > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Molecule

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

ex) Earth
consists of all environments on Earth that support life– most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

ex) Florida Coast
consists of all organisms living in a particular area, as well as, the nonliving physical components such as air, soil, water, and sunlight

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4
Q

Community

A

ex) All organisms on the Florida Coast

the entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem

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5
Q

Population

A

ex) Group of Brown Pelicans

an interacting group of individuals of one species

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6
Q

Organism

A

ex) Brown Pelican

an individual learning thing

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7
Q

Organ System

A

ex) Nervous System

consists of several organs that work together in performing a specific function

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8
Q

Organs

A

ex) Brain

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9
Q

Tissue

A

ex) Nervous tissue

each with a specific function and made up of a group of similar cells

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10
Q

Cell

A

ex) Nerve Cell

a unit of living matter separated from its environment by a boundary called a membrane

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11
Q

Organelle

A

ex) Nucleus

a structure that performs a specific function in the cell

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12
Q

Molecule

A

ex) DNA

a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

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13
Q

Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all others in the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue

A

Organs

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14
Q

Producers

A

ex) plants

provide the food for a typical ecosystem

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15
Q

Consumers

A

eat the producers and other animals

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16
Q

Decomposers

A

act as recyclers, changing the complex dead matter into simple mineral nutrients that plants can use

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17
Q

What two major processes does an ecosystem include?

A
  1. the recycling of chemical nutrients

2. flow of energy

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18
Q

Explain how the photosynthesis of plants functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem?

A

Photosynthesis uses light to convert CO2 and H20 to energy-rich food, making it the pathway by which both chemical nutrients and energy become available to most organisms.

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19
Q

Emergent Properties

A

“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

the properties of life that arise from the structural level of a cell

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20
Q

System

A

when a combination of components forms a more complex organization

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21
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

cells of microorganisms we call bacteria; simpler and smaller than Eukariotic Cells

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22
Q

Eukariotic Cell

A

plants, animals, and fungi; is subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles, including the nucleus that houses the cell’s DNA

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23
Q

What to both prokaryotic and eukariotic cells share?

A

every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings

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24
Q

Explain why cells are considered the basic units of life?

A

They are the lowest level in the hierarchy of biological organization at which the properties of life emerge

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25
Q

What properties are common to all organisms?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Order
  3. Regulation
  4. Growth and development
  5. Energy utilization
  6. Response to the environment
  7. Reproduction
  8. Evolution
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26
Q

What is the property “order” ?

A

All living things exhibit complex organization

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27
Q

What is the property “regulation” ?

A

With a changing external environment, organisms are able to regulate their internal environment– maintaining within the limits to sustain life

28
Q

What is the property “growth and development” ?

A

inherited information carried by genes controls an organisms patterns of growth and development

29
Q

What is the property “energy utilization” ?

A

organisms take in energy and transform it to perform all of life’s activities

30
Q

What is the property “response to the environment” ?

A

all organisms respond to environmental stimuli

31
Q

What is the property “reproduction” ?

A

organisms reproduce their own kind

32
Q

What is the property “evolution” ?

A

reproduction underlies the capacity for species to change (evolve) over time.

33
Q

What is the chemical basis for all of life’s kinship?

A

DNA as the genetic material

34
Q

Species

A

the term used for a particular type of organism

35
Q

Taxonomy

A

the branch of biology that names and classifies species and arranged them into a hierarchical group

36
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A
  1. Protists (multiple kingdoms)
  2. Kingdom Fungi
  3. Kingdom Animalia
  4. Kingdom Plantae
  5. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes)
37
Q

What are the three domains in the kingdom of life?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
38
Q

Characteristics of the Bacteria and Archaea domains?

A
  • both consist of prokaryotes
  • unicellular and microscopic
  • most widespread of all living organisms
  • different DNA
39
Q

Eukarya domain?

A

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other internal structures called organelles

40
Q

Protists

A
  • diverse collection of mostly single celled organisms
  • some make their own food (algae) through photosynthesis
  • some eat other organisms
41
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A
  • consists plants
  • produce their own food
  • have cells with rigid walls made of cellulose
42
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A
  • diverse group that includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms

- mostly decomposers

43
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

animals obtain food by ingestion, which means they eat other organisms

44
Q

To which of the three domains of life do we belong?

A

Eukarya

45
Q

Theories

A

Comprehensive ideas

46
Q

Natural Selection

A

evolutionary adaptations; heritable variations are exposed to the environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

47
Q

Who published a book about Natural Selection?

A

Charles Darwin

48
Q

How does natural selection enable a population of organisms to adapt to its environment?

A

On average, those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring that survive and reproduce. This increases the frequency of those traits in the population.

49
Q

What two main approaches do scientists use to learn about nature?

A
  1. Discovery Science

2. Hypothesis- based Science

50
Q

What is Discovery Science?

A
  • verifiable observations and measurements

- inductive reasoning ex) “all organisms are made of cells” since they are found in every microscopic specimen

51
Q

What is Hypothesis-based Science?

A
  • ask questions and seek explanations

- deductive reasoning

52
Q

What is the difference between Discovery Science and Hypothesis-based Science?

A

Discovery science uses inductive reasoning an Hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning.

53
Q

What best describes the logic of the scientific process?

A

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results

54
Q

Amoebas and bacteria are grouped together into different domains because of…?

A

bacterial cells lack a nucleus

55
Q

A biologist studying interactions among protists in an ecosystem could not be working at which level in life’s hierarchy?

A

the organ level

56
Q

What question is outside the realm of science?

A

What is the nature of the supernatural?

57
Q

What statement best distinguishes hypothesis from theories in science?

A

Hypothesis usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power

58
Q

The organisms in your backyard include trees, shrubs, grass, ants, mushrooms, birds, spiders, beetles, flies, and bacteria. Together, all these organisms make up…?

A

A community

59
Q

The core idea that makes sense of all of biology is…?

A

evolution

60
Q

In an ecosystem, how is the movement of energy similar to that of chemical nutrients, and how is it different?

A

Both energy and chemical nutrients are passed through an ecosystem from producers to consumers to decomposers. But energy enters an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat. Chemical nutrients are recycled from the abiotic soil and atmosphere through plants, consumers, and decomposers and returned to the soil and water.

61
Q

Explain the role of heritable variations in Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

A

Darwin hypothesized that natural selection operates in populations whose individuals have varied traits that are inherited. When natural selection favors the reproductive success of certain individuals in a population more than others, it changes the proportions of heritable variations in the population, gradually adapting a population to its environment.

62
Q

Explain what is meant by this statement: The scientific process is not a rigid method.

A

A scientist uses a logical thought process involving the key elements: observations about natural phenomena, questions derived from observations, hypotheses posed as tentative answers to questions, logical predictions of the outcome of tests if the hypotheses are true, and actual tests of hypotheses.

63
Q

Contrast technology with science. Give an example to illustrate the difference.

A

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64
Q

Explain what is meant by this statement: Natural selection is an editing mechanism rather than a creative process.

A

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65
Q

Biology can be described as having both a vertical scale and a horizontal scale. Explain what that means.

A

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Biology 1001 (1 decks)

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