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Seed Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Florigen

A

suspected transmissible hormone in the 1960s, probably a multifactorial control and not a single hormone

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2
Q

Photoperiodism

A

effect of light on plants

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3
Q

Which is more important? Length of light or dark?

A

Dark

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4
Q

What is the master regulator in flowering?

A

Transcription factors

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5
Q

How do transcription factors regulate flowering?

A

1) Bind to gene promoters
2) Activate or repress gene expression
3) flowering occurs

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6
Q

What are the two disticnt control factors affect flowering?

A

Environmental (photoperiodism) and genetic controls (FT)

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7
Q

Where does florigen work?

A

In the shoot apical meristem of plants to induce flowering

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8
Q

Where is florigen produced?

A

in the leaves

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9
Q

What is the combinatorial (ABC) model? How does it work?

A

The ABC model is the model that explains the formation of the sepal, petal, stamen and carpels. A and B combine, B and C combine, but A and C have an atagonistic effect.

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10
Q

What is the evidence that flowers evovled from leaves?

A

Mutant flowers that appear to be leaves.

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11
Q

what parts make up the stamen?

A

Anther and filament

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12
Q

what parts make up the carpel?

A

Stigma, style

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13
Q

Which hormone or transcription factor promotes the production of FT? Where does this take place? When is it produced?

A

Constans (CO), in the leaf. It is produced during long days

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14
Q

What are the types of floresences we are responsible for knowing (7 in all)

A

1) Raceme
2) Spike (spikelet)
3) Panicle
4) Catkin
5) corymb
6) Umbel
7) Disk

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15
Q

Gynoecium

A

female part of flower, containing one or more carpels

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16
Q

What is a seed?

A

A mature ovule

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17
Q

Where are the pollen sacs located?

A

anther

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18
Q

What is the entrance to the ovule?

A

micropyle

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19
Q

how many cells make up the pollen tube?

A

one

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20
Q

Define tapetum

A

nutritive cells in pollen sacs

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21
Q

define microsporocytes

A

pollen mother cells

22
Q

What three layers make up the pollen sac?

A

Epidermis, Tapetum, Microsporocytes

23
Q

What is the sequence of Double Fertilization?

A

1) Pollen acceptance by Carpel
2) Pollen tube elongation (guided by synergid cells)
3) transfers of sperm nuclei
4) fusion of egg cell to make embryo
5) fusion of central nuclei to make endosperm

24
Q

what are the two parts of the pollen tube during elongation?

A

the base is the exine, the whole thing is the intine

25
Q

what is the role of the antipodal cells?

A

their role is not well known.

26
Q

What are the two types of guidance for the pollen tube?

A

Funicular and Micropylar

27
Q

heterosis

A

the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents. Also called hybrid vigor.

28
Q

What is the result of male sterility in pollination?

A

The resulting generation is all F1 hybrid.

29
Q

A mutation in which gene results in non-viable pollen?

A

USP, UDP-sugar-pyrophosphorylase

30
Q

What kind of cells are on the stigma?

A

Papillar cells, which aid in ID of pollen

31
Q

Embryogenesis is rougly divided into what three stages?

A

Early, Mid and Late

32
Q

What stage make up early development (3)?

A

Globular, transition, and heart

33
Q

What stages make up mid development?

A

Torpedo and linear

34
Q

what stages make up late development?

A

Walking stick and mature

35
Q

what is the name of the structure that supports the embryo?

A

suspensor

36
Q

What kind of division does the Zygote do?

A

Assymmetrical, transverse division

37
Q

What are the two ends of the zygote called?

A

Apical (Chalazal) and Basal (Micropylar)

38
Q

When are the fate of the cells determined in embryo development?

A

By the globular stage, they are already determined

39
Q

Totipotency

A

cell can develop into a compelete organism

40
Q

pluripotency

A

cells have a restricted capacity to differentiate. can be induced to act like surrounding cells

41
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis in terms of mid-embryogenesis?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

42
Q

What form are carbohydrates and polysaccharides in plants?

A

Starches

43
Q

What’s the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is a single chain, amylopectin has branches.

44
Q

What causes the mutation “Shrunken 2”

A

AGP and the accumulation of starches

45
Q

What is TAG?

A

Triacylglycerol, Major lipid

46
Q

How does Osborne classifty proteins?

A

Solubility

47
Q

How are globulins dissolved?

A

Salt

48
Q

where are oil bodies located? what do they surround?

A

endosperm and cotyledon cells, and they surround protein storage vacuoles

49
Q

what are two toxic seed proteins?

A

ricin and abrin

50
Q

Where will you find prolamins?

A

monocots only

51
Q
A

Seed Biology (1 decks)

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