Midterm Flashcards
What is focused attention?
Impairment?
Basic responding to stimuli. Appropriately aroused, alert & oriented to stimuli.
Typically impaired when someone is coming out of a coma.
Typically recovered in TBI.
Various types of attention
Focused attention Sustained attention Selective attention Alternating attention Divided attention
What is sustained attention?
Impairment?
Two components.
1. Vigilance-the ability to maintain attention over time. Being ready to respond. Passive attention.
2. Active concentration- involves manipulating information and holding it in mind.
Can only focus for brief periods.
What is selective attention?
Impairment?
Attending to what is relevant or important. Freedom from distractibility. Distractions can be internal or external.
Inability to perform therapy tasks in a stimulating environment, or prepare a meal while there is noise in the background.
What is alternating attention?
Impairment?
Shifting attention all focus from one thing to another and back again.
Ex. Difficulty changing treatment tasks & needing extra cueing to pick up & start again.
What is divided attention?
The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks. May actually be rapid alternating attention or automatic processing for at least one of the tasks.
What are common trends in the attention theories?
Key theoretical concepts are maintenance of attention,selectivity, capacity, & shifting of attention.
***these key components rely on working memory-interface between short & long term memory.
Define Executive functions
Cognitive skills that allow us to complete goal directed abilities that are not over learned, automatic, or routine.
Outline Mateer’s clinical model of executive functions
Initiation and drive (starting behavior)
Response inhibition (stopping behavior)
Task persistence (maintaining behavior)
Organization (actions and thoughts)
Generative thinking (creativity, fluency, cognitive flexibility)
Awareness - ( monitoring & modifying one’s own behavior)
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Initiation& drive
Starting behavior
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Response inhibition
Stopping behavior
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Task persistence
Maintaining behavior
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Organization
Organizing sequencing & timing behavior
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Generative thinking
Creativity, fluency (generate new items in a category) cognitive flexibility( identify alternatives, new ideas,abstract)
Mateer’s exec. Functions clinical model
Awareness
Monitoring & modifying ones own behavior.
Declarative vs non-declarative memory
Declarative-knowledge base
Non-declarative- learning without awareness
Content dependent forms of long term memory
Declarative & non-declarative
Declarative memory-two subsystems
Semantic- acquired knowledge about the world. Word meanings, facts,& ideas.
Episodic- recall of personal experiences that are tagged to time and place.
Why is the distinction between episodic and semantic memory important in cognitive rehabilitation?
Following brain injury, preserved semantic memory is often spared. This allows access to old knowledge but with poor ability to expand their semantic memory & create new knowledge due to impaired episodic memory.
How do most memory theorists view attaining semantic memory?
They view episodic memories as one vehicle by which semantic memory is created.
Non-declarative memory
Does not rely on episodic memory. Learn without conscious awareness of learning.
Examples of non-declarative learning
Priming-learning without awareness. previous exposure to information can prompt recall without a person being aware of the information was previously presented.
Procedural learning-not facts. It’s procedure.
TBI-declarative memory
May have preserved semantics memory.because of impaired episodic memory will have difficulty laying down new semantic memory to create new knowledge.
Non-declarative memory
Learning without awareness
