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fish habitat assessment > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the world’s water is fresh water?**

what is the contribution to the total global water budget?**

A
  1. 0006%

0. 0002%

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2
Q

Name the 5 unique aspects of streams

A
  • flow is unidirectional
  • Water is almost always in motion
  • openness of ecosystem
  • high degree of special and temporal heterogeneity at all scales.
  • inter-stream variability is high
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3
Q

name five stages of the hydrological cycle

A
  • advection
  • evaporation
  • precipitation
  • surface runoff
  • evapotranspiration
  • atmosphere
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4
Q

in the US, what percentage of rainfall ends up as groundwater?

A

35%

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5
Q

define catchment

A

natural landscape, combining the linked terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and it encompasses the entire area of land drained by various tributaries ad the main river

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6
Q

what is the riparian zone?

A

the zone that includes the bankside and all the closely surrounding vegetation and soil

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7
Q

why is the riparian zone important?

A

important for stream energy supply from organics produced elsewhere

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8
Q

allochthonous material

A

organics that come from the outside, ie: leaf litter, twigs

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9
Q

what are organics that are produced ‘in stream’ called?

A

autochtonous material

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10
Q

what is the hyporheic zone?

A

region beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water.

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11
Q

riparian management zone

A

regulates or controls protection of riparian zone and areas

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12
Q

the Classification of Stream Order was created when, and by whom

A

Strahler, 1950

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13
Q

define ‘total returns’

A

the catch plus the escapement

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14
Q

define ‘escapement’

A

the fish that escape the fishery and make it back to the lake/stream

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15
Q

why inventory?

A

data helps predict:

  • total returns
  • escapement
  • contribution to commercial, food, sport, and ecological value
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16
Q

what is ‘passive gear’ and where do we use it?

A
  • fences, floating traps
  • low in the watershed
  • stationary, fish swim in
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17
Q

what is ‘active gear’ and where do we use it?

A
  • electrofishing, pole seining
  • upstream, small tribs
  • moves, capture fish
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18
Q

name five types of active gear

A
  • angling
  • beach seining
  • boat electrofishing
  • electrofishing
  • pole seining
  • purse seining
  • snorkeling
  • trawl nets
  • visual counts
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19
Q

name five types of passive gear

A
  • enmeshing nets
  • fish fences
  • fish weirs
  • fish wheels
  • fyke traps
  • inclined plane traps
  • minnow traps
  • rotary screw traps
  • trap nets
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20
Q

define ‘live count’

A
  • estimate salmonid escapement

- count the number of live fish observed in a reach

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21
Q

what is the purpose of a ‘live count’

A

obtain the approximate size of a spawning population

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22
Q

define ‘strip count’

A

estimating salmonid escapement by counting the number of live fish observed in a strip (several strips within a system).

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23
Q

what is the purpose of a ‘strip count’?

A

obtain the approximate size of a spawning area

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24
Q

what is the difference between ‘live count’ and ‘strip count’?

A

LC: count all fish, use area under the curve
SC: count parts of reach, extrapolate data for estimates

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25
Q

describe how to set up a minnow trap-

A
  • fresh/frozen roe
  • place in film canister
  • use ~3m of groon line off clip
  • tie onto stable habitat
  • place in slow water facing u/s
  • use weight to avoid movement
  • label/# each trap
  • create detailed map
26
Q

name some considerations when using minnow traps

A
  • aged traps catch more fish
  • must be stable and on bottom
  • floating traps are poor choice for streams
  • metal catches more than black plastic
  • lost traps continue to fish
  • 2-hour check
27
Q

how do you sample minnow trap catches?

A
  • fill 20L bucket first
  • remove and tip trap
  • remove clip, separate halves
  • pour fish into bucket gently
  • identify, sample, record
  • toss bait, rinse canister, stack traps
  • tally traps once done
28
Q

name some pros and cons to using minnow traps

A 
PRO:
-cheap/portable
-wide range of use: lakes, ponds, deeper habitats
-good complimentary tool to EF
-does not require certification
CON:
-size-selective
-labour-intensive
-bait attracts bears
-lost traps continue to fish
29
Q

write the equation for CPUE

A 
CPUE= total # of fish/soak time
CPUE= total# of fish/# of traps
30
Q

describe a fyke net

A
  • catches a proportion of the ‘out migration’
  • may use panels to deflect fish into long net or sock
  • net just be attended daily
31
Q

describe a juvenile counting fence

A
  • capture 100% of ‘out migration’
  • inexpensive, easy to build
  • require frequent maintenance and cleaning
  • site selection is critical
32
Q

what is an IPT

A

inclined plane trap

angular trap which fish swim up a ramp and get caught in a live holding pen

33
Q

what is a RST?

A

Rotary screw trap

  • floating trap, capture out-migrating fry and smolts
  • used to estimate fry and smolt abundance and timing
  • large drum, water velocity turns the drum 5-8 rotations per minute
34
Q

Name the four assumptions for two-pass removal method

A

1-all fish have equal chance of capture
2-no immigration/emigration
3-mortality/reproduction slight
4-stream conditions are constant

35
Q

what is the formula for two pass removal (population size)?

A

total pop size = # of fish in site x area of stream / area of site

36
Q

N=C2^2/C1-C2

what formula is this for, what are the values?

A

N=pop size
C2=#fish 2nd pass
C1=#fish 1st pass

2pass removal

37
Q

what is the formula for density (2 pass removal)

A

Density (fish/m2)= #fish in pop/SArea of enclosure (m2)

38
Q

what is the formula for mark-recapture estimation?

A

N=MxC/R

39
Q

mark-recapture assumptions

A
  • marked fish survive the same as unmarked
  • no morts/reproduction
  • no immigration/emigration
  • marked mix randomly
  • marked fish are caught equally each round
  • marks don’t come off
  • recapture rates are high to support accurate etimates
40
Q

fish requirements in stream

A
  • cover
  • access to food
  • refuge
  • from high flows, high temps, predators, conspecifics
41
Q

what constitutes ‘good habitat?’

A

quantity and quality of

  • large wood
  • boulders
  • undercut banks
  • deep pools
  • vegetation
42
Q

in order to quantify a habitat, what do you need to know?

A

species and life stages, habitat preferences

43
Q

what parameters do you need to know to measure a habitat?

A
  • watershed level
  • reach level
  • habitat unit level (microhabitat/macrohabitat)
44
Q

name some macro and micro habitats

A

macro: define pools,, riffles, glides
micro: pocket pools, plunge pools, eddies, etc

45
Q

define a reach

A

the length of channael uniform with respect to discharge, depth, area, slope. ie: habitat units and uniformity
-any length of a river

46
Q

what is a cascade?

A

steeper than a step-pool, steep gradient and no pools

47
Q

what is the size of fines, gravels, cobbles, and bedrock?

A

fines=<2mm
gravels= 2-64mm
cobbels=64-256mm
boulders=256-4000mm

48
Q

name some disturbance indicators

A 
Excessive amounts of:
-extensive scour
-un-vegetative bar
-sediment wedge
-mid-channel bar
-riffle zone
-large woody debris
Braided channels
Beaver dam
Eroded banks
Abandoned channel
49
Q

what is ‘avulsion’?

A

the abandonment of one river channel and the creation of a new one

50
Q

whats the difference between crown cover and overhead vegetation?

A
  • crown cover= >1m above stream

- overhead veg= <1m above stream

51
Q

describe a flooded habitat`

A
  • physical indicators of high water flow
  • rafted debris
  • scarring on trees/vegetation
  • fluvial sediments newly deposited on forest floor
52
Q

what are the gradients for riffle-pool, step-pool and cascade?

A

RP=.5-3%
SP=3-8
C=>8

53
Q

name 6 different stream pattern

A
  • straight
  • sinuous
  • irregular wandering
  • irregular meandering
  • regular meanders
  • tortuous meander
54
Q

name 5 different type of gravel bars

A
  • none
  • side bar
  • diagonal bar
  • mid-channel bar
  • span
  • braided
55
Q

what are the three goals for habitat assessment projects?

A
  • rating
  • status
  • monitoring and trends
56
Q

name specific goals for habitat assessment projects

A
  • identify/protect habitats
  • identify limiting factors
  • assist with establishing protection policy
  • assist with classifying streams
  • identify/protect riparian vegetation features
  • monitor habitat improvements
  • identify/monitor water quality parameters
  • identify/monitor chemical attributes
57
Q

name some anthropogenic activities that can affect the stream channel

A
  • increased discharge
  • increased sediment loading
  • reduced bank integrity (remove riparian zone etc)
  • channel realignment/encroachment
58
Q

name some required criteria before stream bank stabelization implementation

A
  • proposed alterations
  • design flows
  • slope angle
  • sediment type
  • toe protection
  • access points
  • source material location
59
Q

name some structural methods employed to stabilize a bank

A
  • rock
  • veg
  • lwd
  • textiles
60
Q

name rock types for bank stabilization

A

riprap

groynes

61
Q

name veg type for bank stabelization

A

live cuttings

rooted stock

62
Q

name some textile types for bank stabelization

A
  • geogrid

- natural/synthetic mats

fish habitat assessment (1 decks)

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