Midterm Flashcards
what percentage of the world’s water is fresh water?**
what is the contribution to the total global water budget?**
- 0006%
0. 0002%
Name the 5 unique aspects of streams
- flow is unidirectional
- Water is almost always in motion
- openness of ecosystem
- high degree of special and temporal heterogeneity at all scales.
- inter-stream variability is high
name five stages of the hydrological cycle
- advection
- evaporation
- precipitation
- surface runoff
- evapotranspiration
- atmosphere
in the US, what percentage of rainfall ends up as groundwater?
35%
define catchment
natural landscape, combining the linked terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and it encompasses the entire area of land drained by various tributaries ad the main river
what is the riparian zone?
the zone that includes the bankside and all the closely surrounding vegetation and soil
why is the riparian zone important?
important for stream energy supply from organics produced elsewhere
allochthonous material
organics that come from the outside, ie: leaf litter, twigs
what are organics that are produced ‘in stream’ called?
autochtonous material
what is the hyporheic zone?
region beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water.
riparian management zone
regulates or controls protection of riparian zone and areas
the Classification of Stream Order was created when, and by whom
Strahler, 1950
define ‘total returns’
the catch plus the escapement
define ‘escapement’
the fish that escape the fishery and make it back to the lake/stream
why inventory?
data helps predict:
- total returns
- escapement
- contribution to commercial, food, sport, and ecological value
what is ‘passive gear’ and where do we use it?
- fences, floating traps
- low in the watershed
- stationary, fish swim in
what is ‘active gear’ and where do we use it?
- electrofishing, pole seining
- upstream, small tribs
- moves, capture fish
name five types of active gear
- angling
- beach seining
- boat electrofishing
- electrofishing
- pole seining
- purse seining
- snorkeling
- trawl nets
- visual counts
name five types of passive gear
- enmeshing nets
- fish fences
- fish weirs
- fish wheels
- fyke traps
- inclined plane traps
- minnow traps
- rotary screw traps
- trap nets
define ‘live count’
- estimate salmonid escapement
- count the number of live fish observed in a reach
what is the purpose of a ‘live count’
obtain the approximate size of a spawning population
define ‘strip count’
estimating salmonid escapement by counting the number of live fish observed in a strip (several strips within a system).
what is the purpose of a ‘strip count’?
obtain the approximate size of a spawning area
what is the difference between ‘live count’ and ‘strip count’?
LC: count all fish, use area under the curve
SC: count parts of reach, extrapolate data for estimates
describe how to set up a minnow trap-
- fresh/frozen roe
- place in film canister
- use ~3m of groon line off clip
- tie onto stable habitat
- place in slow water facing u/s
- use weight to avoid movement
- label/# each trap
- create detailed map
name some considerations when using minnow traps
- aged traps catch more fish
- must be stable and on bottom
- floating traps are poor choice for streams
- metal catches more than black plastic
- lost traps continue to fish
- 2-hour check
how do you sample minnow trap catches?
- fill 20L bucket first
- remove and tip trap
- remove clip, separate halves
- pour fish into bucket gently
- identify, sample, record
- toss bait, rinse canister, stack traps
- tally traps once done
name some pros and cons to using minnow traps
PRO: -cheap/portable -wide range of use: lakes, ponds, deeper habitats -good complimentary tool to EF -does not require certification CON: -size-selective -labour-intensive -bait attracts bears -lost traps continue to fish
write the equation for CPUE
CPUE= total # of fish/soak time CPUE= total# of fish/# of traps
describe a fyke net
- catches a proportion of the ‘out migration’
- may use panels to deflect fish into long net or sock
- net just be attended daily
describe a juvenile counting fence
- capture 100% of ‘out migration’
- inexpensive, easy to build
- require frequent maintenance and cleaning
- site selection is critical
what is an IPT
inclined plane trap
angular trap which fish swim up a ramp and get caught in a live holding pen
what is a RST?
Rotary screw trap
- floating trap, capture out-migrating fry and smolts
- used to estimate fry and smolt abundance and timing
- large drum, water velocity turns the drum 5-8 rotations per minute
Name the four assumptions for two-pass removal method
1-all fish have equal chance of capture
2-no immigration/emigration
3-mortality/reproduction slight
4-stream conditions are constant
what is the formula for two pass removal (population size)?
total pop size = # of fish in site x area of stream / area of site
N=C2^2/C1-C2
what formula is this for, what are the values?
N=pop size
C2=#fish 2nd pass
C1=#fish 1st pass
2pass removal
what is the formula for density (2 pass removal)
Density (fish/m2)= #fish in pop/SArea of enclosure (m2)
what is the formula for mark-recapture estimation?
N=MxC/R
mark-recapture assumptions
- marked fish survive the same as unmarked
- no morts/reproduction
- no immigration/emigration
- marked mix randomly
- marked fish are caught equally each round
- marks don’t come off
- recapture rates are high to support accurate etimates
fish requirements in stream
- cover
- access to food
- refuge
- from high flows, high temps, predators, conspecifics
what constitutes ‘good habitat?’
quantity and quality of
- large wood
- boulders
- undercut banks
- deep pools
- vegetation
in order to quantify a habitat, what do you need to know?
species and life stages, habitat preferences
what parameters do you need to know to measure a habitat?
- watershed level
- reach level
- habitat unit level (microhabitat/macrohabitat)
name some macro and micro habitats
macro: define pools,, riffles, glides
micro: pocket pools, plunge pools, eddies, etc
define a reach
the length of channael uniform with respect to discharge, depth, area, slope. ie: habitat units and uniformity
-any length of a river
what is a cascade?
steeper than a step-pool, steep gradient and no pools
what is the size of fines, gravels, cobbles, and bedrock?
fines=<2mm
gravels= 2-64mm
cobbels=64-256mm
boulders=256-4000mm
name some disturbance indicators
Excessive amounts of: -extensive scour -un-vegetative bar -sediment wedge -mid-channel bar -riffle zone -large woody debris Braided channels Beaver dam Eroded banks Abandoned channel
what is ‘avulsion’?
the abandonment of one river channel and the creation of a new one
whats the difference between crown cover and overhead vegetation?
- crown cover= >1m above stream
- overhead veg= <1m above stream
describe a flooded habitat`
- physical indicators of high water flow
- rafted debris
- scarring on trees/vegetation
- fluvial sediments newly deposited on forest floor
what are the gradients for riffle-pool, step-pool and cascade?
RP=.5-3%
SP=3-8
C=>8
name 6 different stream pattern
- straight
- sinuous
- irregular wandering
- irregular meandering
- regular meanders
- tortuous meander
name 5 different type of gravel bars
- none
- side bar
- diagonal bar
- mid-channel bar
- span
- braided
what are the three goals for habitat assessment projects?
- rating
- status
- monitoring and trends
name specific goals for habitat assessment projects
- identify/protect habitats
- identify limiting factors
- assist with establishing protection policy
- assist with classifying streams
- identify/protect riparian vegetation features
- monitor habitat improvements
- identify/monitor water quality parameters
- identify/monitor chemical attributes
name some anthropogenic activities that can affect the stream channel
- increased discharge
- increased sediment loading
- reduced bank integrity (remove riparian zone etc)
- channel realignment/encroachment
name some required criteria before stream bank stabelization implementation
- proposed alterations
- design flows
- slope angle
- sediment type
- toe protection
- access points
- source material location
name some structural methods employed to stabilize a bank
- rock
- veg
- lwd
- textiles
name rock types for bank stabilization
riprap
groynes
name veg type for bank stabelization
live cuttings
rooted stock
name some textile types for bank stabelization
- geogrid
- natural/synthetic mats
