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Oral Histology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stomatodeum?

A

Head fold in embryology resulting in the oral cavity.

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2
Q

What lines the stomatodeum?

A

Ectoderm (Result of folding)

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3
Q

What separates the stomatodeum from gut?

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane

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4
Q

In head formation, how are the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain formed?

A

Neural tube undergoes massive expansion.

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5
Q

What are rhombomeres?

A

Hindbrain segments of eight bulges. Important role in head development.

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6
Q

What is the difference in pouch and groove? What is an arch?

A

Pouch is invagination from inside, groove outside. Arch is the bulge inside and outside.

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7
Q

What is the name of cartilage of 1st arch? 2nd?

A

!st: Meckel’s

2nd: Reichert’s

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8
Q

*What gives rise to striated muscle?

A

Some mesenchyme around cartilage.

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9
Q

*What three things are contained in each arch?

A

Blood vessel, nerve, and cartilage.

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10
Q

What are the two components of the nerve?

A

Motor and sensory

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11
Q

The sensory nerve divides into which 2 branches?

A
  1. Posttrematic branch: covers anterior half of the arch epithelium.
  2. Prettrematic branch: covers the posterior half of the arch epithelium.
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12
Q

From which branchial arch does the mandibular process develop from?

A

1st

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13
Q

By sixth week of development, the mandible extends as a solid rod of ______ cartilage surrounded by __________ capsule.

A

Hyaline, fibrocellular

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14
Q

From where to where does the mandible extend?

A

Ear region (otic capsule) to midlines of fused mandibular process.

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15
Q

True or False:

The 2 cartilages of each side of the mandible meet at a midline.

A

False, they are separated by a thin band of mesenchyme.

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16
Q

In the development of the mandibular body, how is the bone formed?

A

Intramembranous ossification around Meckel’s cartilage.

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of teeth development?

A
  1. Bud stage
  2. Cap stage
  3. Bell stage
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18
Q

What are the 5 layers of developing teeth from outside to inside?

A

Outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, inner enamel epithelium, dental papilla.

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19
Q

What is between the inner enamel epithelium layer and dental papilla?

A

Membrane preformativa and acellular zone.

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20
Q

True or False

Only preosteoblasts can undergo mitosis during prenatal development and occasionally during postnatal growth.

A

False

Both preosteoblasts and osteoblasts can.

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21
Q

On which two bone surfaces can differentiating osteoblasts be found?

A

Periosteal and endosteal

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22
Q

Histologically, what are osteoblasts and what do they originate from?

A

Multinucleated cells and originate from hematopoietic stem cells.

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23
Q

What does TRAP stand for? What is it?

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase: characteristic of osteoclasts, found within cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles.

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24
Q

*Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Against bone surface in hollowed depressions called Howship’s lacunae.

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25
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Immature primary –> mature secondary lamellar bone

Immature woven becomes replaced by stronger mature secondary lamellar (compact) bone.

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26
Q

How does sponge turn to compact bone?

A

Gradually more and more osteons are formed.

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27
Q

What is an ameloblasts?

A

Ameloblasts are cells involved in enamel production.

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28
Q

What are Tomes’ processes?

A

In enamel synthesis, ameloblasts move away from the enamel, forming Tomes’ processes, projections surrounded by the developing enamel.

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29
Q

Where are ameloblasts nuclei located?

A

Opposite end of enamel secretion end

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30
Q

What are the 3 steps of amelogenesis?

A
  1. IEE of short columnar undifferentiated cells elongate into ameloblasts.
  2. Odontoblasts induced to differentiate and begin enamel secretion.
  3. Ameloblasts actively deposit enamel.
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31
Q

What are neonatal lines/stria of Retzius?

A

Incremental lines of enamel development.

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32
Q

What two factors cause neonatal lines?

A

Physiologic changes at birth and systemic disturbances that affect amelogenesis.

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33
Q

Where are neonatal lines found?

A

Enamel and dentin

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34
Q

What are epithelial rests of malassez?

A

Cells that are part of the periodontal ligament cells around a tooth.

35
Q

What are lines of von Ebner?

A

Incremental lines in dentin that reflect variations in mineralization. Distance between the lines= daily rate of dentin formation.

36
Q

What is acellular cementum?

A

first cementum to be formed. Layer of living tissue that does not incorporate cells into its structure and usually predominates on the coronal half of the root.

37
Q

What are the layers of the root from inside out?

A

Pulp, dentin, PDL, alveolar bone.

38
Q

What are the 5 groups of fibers in the principal fiber group?

A
  1. Alveolar crest
  2. Horizontal
  3. Oblique
  4. Apical
  5. Interradicular
39
Q

How is the middle portion of the upper lip formed?

A

Fusion of the medial nasal process of both sides along with the frontonasal process. NO lateral nasal process. Only medial nasal and maxillary process.

40
Q

How is the lateral portion of the upper lip formed?

A

Fusion of the maxillary processes of each side and medial nasal process.

41
Q

How is the lower lip formed?

A

Fusion of the two mandibular processes.

42
Q

What happens in unusual fusion between maxillary process and lateral nasal process?

A

Canalization and formation of nasolacrimal duct

43
Q

*When does formation of tongue begin?

A

4 weeks

44
Q

How is the anterior 2/3 (oral) part of the tongue formed?

A

From 2 distal tongue buds (lateral lingual swellings) and median tongue bud (tuberculum impar) from 1st branchial arch.

45
Q

*What cranial nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

CN V

46
Q

How is the posterior 1/3 (pharyngeal) part of the tongue formed?

A

From the copula, hypobranchial eminence (2nd, 3rd, 4th branchial arches).

47
Q

*Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

48
Q

How are the muscles of the tongue developed?

A

From occipital somites

49
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

50
Q

Match the cranial nerve with the pharyngeal arches 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  • 1st: CN 5
  • 2nd: CN 7
    3rd: CN 9
    4th: CN 10
51
Q

How and when is the thyroid formed?

A

From foramen cecum between 4-7 weeks

52
Q

How is the maxilla palate formed?

A

Develops from primary and secondary palate

53
Q

How and when is the primary palate formed?

A

From frontonasal and medial nasal processes form premaxillary portion at about 28 days of gestation.

54
Q

How and when is the secondary palate formed?

A

@ 7 wks: palatine shelves form from maxillary processes directed down on each side of developing tongue.
@ 8 wks: tongue is depressed and palatine shelves elevated but not fused.
@ 9 wks: Palatine shelves fuse and separation of stomatodeum into oral and nasal cavities complete.

55
Q

When is the critical period of palate development?

A

End of 6th to beginning of 9th week.

56
Q

What are the 3 features of jawless vertebrates?

A

Neurocranium, notochord, gills

57
Q

What makes up the neurocranium?

A

Nasal, optic, and otic cartilage blocks

58
Q

Gills of jawless vertebrates form what?

A

Gills –> branchial arches + cartilage rods

“0” migrated to neurocranium

59
Q

How is the jaw developed?

A

Through fibrous connection “joint” in 1st cartilage

60
Q

What is a chondrocranium?

A

In jaw development:

Neurocranium + Viscerocranium = chondrocranium

61
Q

What are the 3 components of the skull in formation?

A

Cranial vault, cranial base, and face

62
Q

How are the 3 components of the skull formed?

A

Cranial vault and face: membranous bone origin

Cranial base: Endochondral ossification

63
Q

How is the membranous bone formed in skull formation?

A

Formed directly in mesenchyme with no cartilagenous precursor

64
Q

What is the significance of 1st arch cartilage?

A

Meckels: indicates position of future mandible but does **NOT contribute to its development.

65
Q

How is the mandible developed and which CN innervation?

A

Intramembranous ossification CN V

66
Q

What does the dorsal end of 2nd arch cartilage form? Ventral end? CN innervation?

A

Reichert’s:
Dorsal- stapes and styloid process
Ventral- lesser horns of hyoid bone and superior part of hyoid
CN 7

67
Q

What does malleus, incus and stapes develop from?

A

Malleus and incus- dorsal Meckle’s cartilage by endochondral ossification
Stapes- dorsal end of Reicherts

68
Q

How are the muscles of mastication formed?

A

Muscle cells in 1st arch start @ wk 5. Spreads to site of origin in wk 6 and 7.

69
Q

How are the muscles of facial expression formed?

A

Muscles of 2nd arch grow to cover face, scalp, and posterior to ear. By wk 7, grows up and expands as sheet over face.

70
Q

*What is the cervical loop?

A

“Zone of reflexion”: pt where outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium meet @ enamel organ rim. Pt where cells divide until full crown size, then give rise to epithelium for root formation.

71
Q

What are the “cell rests of serres”?

A

Small clusters of inactive epithelial cells due to loss of contact with oral epithelium. Can develop into cysts.

72
Q

Where are the “cell rests of serres” from?

A

Dental lamina

73
Q

Where does the first layer of dentin and enamel formation start?

A

Cusp tips and progresses cervically

74
Q

What does molar teeth originate from?

A

Dental lamina

75
Q

What is the stratum intermedium?

A

Layer btwn IEE and stellate reticulum. High alkaline phosphatase and works with IEE to form enamel.

76
Q

What forms hertwig’s root sheath?

A

OEE and IEE fuse and proliferate from cervical loop –> Hertwig’s root sheath

77
Q

What happens when the Hertwig’s Root Sheath breaks up?

A

Forms the Rest of Malassez

78
Q

Where does dental papilla come from?

A

Ectomesenchyme, which comes from neural crest

Neural crest –> tooth germ –> dental papilla

79
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Maintain osteoblast population and bone mass.

In periosteum and endosteum, differentiate into osteoblasts

80
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Suppors bone architecture

81
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Replacement of old bone

82
Q

What is bone modeling?

A

Process by which overall size and shape of bones is established in embryonic development and pre-adult growth

83
Q

How is intramembranous bone formed?

A

Directly within soft CT. Sharpey’s fibers

Oral Histology (1 decks)

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