Midterm 2024

Question 1

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 1

Peace between Charles V ad signed 9/25/1555. Made Lutherism and Catholicism legal

Question 2

Louis XIV

Answer 2

Longest reigning sovereign of all time. 5/9/1638-1/9/1715. Age greatly expanded French colonialism, ended the 80 years war, maybe ended the 30 years war. Made a lot of different arts.

Question 3

Cardinal Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis

Answer 3

1st duke of Richelieu. Kind Louis XIII chief minister, wanted to consolidate power and crush enemies, had a lot of religious and civil power.

Question 4

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 4

“Bible Sword”
Swiss reformer who did stuff in Zurich, known for preaching in and reforming the city of Zurich. One of the most well known leaders of the reformation movement

Question 5

John Calvin

Answer 5

Father of Calvinism, wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion” (1563)

Question 6

Albrecht Von Wallenstein

Answer 6

Fought on the Catholic’s side during the 30 years war, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empires Army. Duke of Friedland

Question 7

Martin Luther

Answer 7

Father of Lutheranism. A monk who wrote 95 theses. He became excommunicated, or a heretic, and the church tried to get rid of him.

Question 8

Act of Supremacy

Answer 8

an act done by Kind Henry VIII to make himself the head of the church of England so that he could give himself a divorce of his wife. The Catholic church did not like this, so they excommunicated him.

Question 9

St. Bartholomew’s Day Masacre

Answer 9

a series of assassinations and mob violence that was against the Huguenots (French calvinist protestants) believed to have been started by Queen Catherine de’ Medici. 5,000-30,000 were dead by August 23 or 24.

Question 10

Conciliarism

Answer 10

the idea/movement that a council of church authorities was more powerful than the pope.

Question 11

Treaty of Westphalia/Peace of Westphalia

Answer 11

two treaties that ended both the 30 and 80 years war, they were signed in Westphalian towns of Munster and Osnabruck. It was signed 1648 in October. It increased religious freedom and exiled the leader of the rebellion, Ferdinand III.

Question 12

Politiques

Answer 12

16th-17th Century Western European statesman who valued the strength of the state over anything else, including religion.

Question 13

Edict of Nantes

Answer 13

an edict by King Henry IV in 1598 that gave Huguenots (French Calvinists) significantly more rights such as freedom of religion, right to hold office, running/owning schools, etc.

Question 14

Henry VIII

Answer 14

Had six wives, tried to get divorced/annulled from his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When the pope wouldn’t grant him annulment, he separated the church of England from the Pope/Rome and made himself head of the Church of England, got excommunicated

Question 15

Council of Trent

Answer 15

a council between 1545 and 1563 that was created as a response to the protestant reformation, was used to disprove, challenge, or clarify the reformation’s points.

Question 16

95 Theses

Answer 16

the contradictions and issues (or discrepancies) between the church and the Bible that Martin Luther found when he read the Bible. This caused the start of the protestant reformation.

Question 17

Edict of Worms 1521

Answer 17

an edict passed by Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire that mandated that Martin Luther be turned over to him, also made Luther an enemy of the state and a heretic. It was never enforced

Question 18

Thirty Years War

Answer 18

From 1618 to 1648, a war in which 4.5-8 million died due to famine, disease, or battle. Germany’s population went down by 50%. It could be argued that it was another religious conflict stemming from the reformation, not only that, but this was also one of the most destructive European conflicts of all time.

Question 19

Jesuits

Answer 19

Did a lot of Catholic education and missionary work in order to maintain the relevance of Catholicism in secular and protestant areas.

Question 20

Henry IV of France

Answer 20

Granted protestants a lot of rights while also supporting the counter reformation of the Holy Roman Empire