Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Echo Spring Midterm > Midterm 2019 > Flashcards

Midterm 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Rheumatic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classic finding associated with MS?

A

Diastolic doming of the AMVL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The color flow Doppler jet of MS can be described as what?

A

Narrow “flame shaped” turbulent jet at the MV leaflet tips which extends into the LV in diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When evaluation MS what kind of Doppler should be used

A

Mean pressure gradient
by planimetry of
CW Doppler ASE level 1 recommendation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MC method for MVA

A

P1/2t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Equation for MV p1/2t

A

220/ P1/2t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The _____ the waveform the _____the MS

A

flatter, more severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What maybe a result of long standing MS

A

Pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does MS occur (systole or diastole) and is it pressure or volume overload?

A

Diastole

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cardiomyopathy is commonly associated with MR

A

Annulus dilatation - possibly caused by cardiomyopathy or CAD displace the papilary muscles and chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MR is a volume overload process that leads to enlargement of the LA. LA enlargement leads to what arrhythmia?

A

A. Fib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

M-mode of the ao valve in the presence of MR can show what?

A

Ao valve notching (partial mid-systolic closure) due to sudden decrease in the amount of volume leaving the LV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most popular method used to evaluate MR?

A

Color Doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When evaluating MR with color what 3 areas used to determine the severity of the MR jet

A

jet width, depths and duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When performing PISA to evaluate MR what views are used and what is your color baseline range?

A

Optimize the color Doppler image of MR (A4 and A3)

Shift the color Doppler baseline downward to an aliasing velocity between 20-40 cm/sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are common causes of acute MR

A

rupture of the chordae due to MVP,
acute ischemia
acute infarction
infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of mitral valve prolapse?

A

Mid to late systolic

Holosystolic (pansystolic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between Ao stenosis and scleroisis

A

AO stenosis - thickened, does not open well, >2 m/sec

AO sclerosis - thickened, opens well, <2 m/s may or may not become stenotic in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 types of AO stenosis

A

Degenerative AS (sclerosis of a previously normal valve)

Rheumatic AS

Congential AS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 types of congenital stenosis

A

Subvalvular - congenital AS may be due to a congenital membrane across the LVOT

Supravalvular- congenital AS due to an aortic coarctation

Valvular - congenital AS may be due to a bicuspid AOV (1-2% of population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a raphe?

When should the valve be evaluated?

A

underdeveloped ao cusp

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ao stenosis is pressure or volume overload and what happens to the LV?

A

Pressure

LV function is preserved by development of concentric LVH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pts with AS have routine echo to evaluate what 5 areas

A 
AS
LVH
Systolic function
Diastolic function 
Chamber size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

On M- mode a bicuspid ao valve will show what?

A

eccentric closure line. located off center due to difference in size of two cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens to the AO in the presence of aortic stenosis?
Post stenotic dilatation of AO root and or ascending ao due to high velocity jet striking the ao root wall
26
What 3 measurements are needed to perform the continuity equation of the AVA
``` LVOT diameter LVOT velocity (VTI) AOV velocity (VTI) ```
27
What are 3 causes of acute AI
infective endocarditis dissection of ascending ao trauma cause loss of commissural support
28
Severe AI causes what kind of murmur?
Austin Flint low-pitched mid-diastolic "rumble" at apex
29
AI is a pressue or volume overload? What happens to the LV?
volume | overtime will lead to LV dilatation
30
What two measurements can be taken from PLAX to help evaluate the AI
The AI jet width/LVOT width ratio - helps determine severity Vena contracta
31
Most common measurements used to evaluate AI
P 1/2 t | peak velocity
32
Most common cause of TS
Rheumatic heart disease (90%) | Ts rarely occurs alone
33
What views can be used to evaluate TV
LAX, SAX, A4, A3 with angulation, and subcostal
34
What is used to obtain the TVA
P 1/2t is obtained by measureing the decel slope from "E" to "F" on the peak TS waveform
35
What is the equation for P 1/2t for TV
190/ Pressure half time
36
What percentage of people have trace to mild TR?
93%
37
In pts with carcinoid heart disease the TV becomes what?
The TV leaflets are thick and rigid with no change in position from diastole and systole
38
In pts with long standing TR the LV with take what shape due to RV vol overload
D-shaped LV during ventricular diastole indicating RV diastolic volume oveload
39
Formula for RVSP
RVSP/PAP = 4(TR Peak Velocity) squared +RA pressure
40
Most common etiology for TR
Pulm HTN due to LT heart pathology
41
Why is the TR jet commonly baffled toward the IAS
the anterior leaflet is the longest
42
What is TVP commonly associated with
MVP (19-50%) isolated TVP is rare
43
What are the two best views for TVP
``` A4 (anterior and septal leaflets) parasternal RVIT (anterior and posterior leaflets) ```
44
MC etiology for pulmonic stenosis
congenital PS is most common cause
45
What is the primary method for evaluating pulmonic stenosis
via Peak pressure gradient. Peak tracing provides max pressure gradient, mean pressure gradient and peak velocity
46
Regurg of what valve causes a fine diastolic flutter of the TV?
PI
47
what percentage of pts will have PI
up to 87%
48
Define dehiscence
dehiscence occurs if the sutures in the sewing ring loosen or break and the prosthesis is no longer stable. This causes the valve to rock and may lead to a perivalvular leak
49
Pannus
fibrous ingrowth of tissue
50
All mechanical valves have
sewing ring, moving component and a cage, strut or frame.
51
MC brand name for a ball and cage mech valve
Starr-Edwards
52
MC brand name for tilting disc? | Which is discontinued?
Metronic- Hall- MC | Bjork-Shiley (discontinued)
53
MC bileaflet tilting disc brand name
St. Jude valve
54
Most common abnormality leading to malfunction of mech valves
thrombus. They result from particles that become trapped and proliferate on the stents or discs. This may totally obstruct the valve leaflets creating stenosis
55
Prosthetic endocarditis is typically a result in what abnormality
ring abscess which can lead to dehiscence, perivalvular leaks and or stenosis.
56
Which imaging modality is helpful when evaluating a mitral mechanical valve
TEE
57
Which valve is prone to sudden failure
Bovine pericardial valve due to a tear in one of the leaflets
58
Which type of valve has larger regurg volume
mech valves
59
What are the two categories of heart failure
reduced LV ejection fraction | Perserved LV ejection fraction. Normal EF is 55% or higher
60
Typically LT heart failure is a result of what? | What does it result in?
damage to LV myocaridum | results in pulm congestion and increased pulm pressure
61
Typically Rt heart failure is a result of what? | what does it result in?
follows LT HF due to increase pulm pressure | Results in systemic congestion
62
4 main causes of heart failure
Decreased myocardial contractility Increased myocardial workload Filling disorders Dysrhythmias
63
4 main areas to evaluate HF on echo
Decrease Lt and Rt vent function Increased Lt and Rt vent size Grade and diastolic function Determine the underlying cause.
64
3 causes for ischemic heart dz
Atherosclerosis- changes in intimal lining of arts. Begins as fatty streak, builds fibrous plaque, becomes complicated lesion that can completely block off an artery Coronary artery spasm - causes temp obstruction to cor art bf - cocaine Coronary artery thrombosis- typically the result of sudden formation of clot or piece of plaque that breaks off and blocks a cor art.
65
2 causes of MI
Ischemic MR - due to LV dilatation, arrythmias, or papillary muscle ischemia/ infarct/ rupture Ischemic VSD - results when an area of the IVS becomes weakened and ruptures. Not as common as ischemic MR
66
Gold standard for determining the presence and severity of CAD
Cardiac Cath - presence location and severity of CAD
67
Pericardial Effusion is a common acute react to MI how soon after
Common acute - 2-4 days | Response to acute MI 30-40%
68
Where is the most common location for a true aneurysm?
Apex (85-95%)
69
What is used to determine true vs pseudoaneurysm?
The neck diameter/ true diameter ratio (<0.5 suggest pseudo) Neck will be narrow vs true aneurysm
70
Where are LV thrombus commonly located?
Apex diagnosis based on echodense mass, visible in at least 2 views & distinguishable from other cardiac structures & artifacts
71
Papillary muscle dysfunction is associated with what wall MI
inferior MI and results in MR
72
RV infarc are rare occur with what wall MI
Isolated RV infarction is rare (3-5%) Inferior wall MI
73
The opposing wall to an infarcted wall becomes how in motion
hyperkinetic
74
What are the two branches off the left main coronary?
LAD - supplies- anterior, septum and apical wall of LV Lt CX - posterior and lateral wall of LV

Echo Spring Midterm (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions