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PSY 1101 > Midterm 2 review > Flashcards

Midterm 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

What brain waves are present when you are awake?

A

Alpha waves (remember: A for “awake”)

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2
Q

What stage of sleep are sleep spindles found in?

A

Stage 2

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3
Q

At what stage of sleep are you asleep but still easily able to be awakened?

A

Stage 2

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4
Q

At what stage of the sleep cycle are delta waves found in?

A

Slow wave sleep

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5
Q

At what stage of the sleep cycle do dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

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6
Q

At what stage of the sleep cycle are K complexes found?

A

Stage 2

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7
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Brief bursts of activity that occur every 2-5 minutes during non-REM sleep

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8
Q

What are K complexes?

A

A pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition

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9
Q

What type of waves are found when one is awake but RELAXED?

A

Alpha waves

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10
Q

What type of waves are found when one is awake and ALERT?

A

Beta waves

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11
Q

What appears during NREM1 (sleep stage 1)?

A

The appearance of theta waves

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12
Q

What 2 types of waves are found during REM sleep?

A

Theta waves and Beta waves

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13
Q

What is one major reason why sleep is important (general)?

A

It is important for normal cognitive functioning

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14
Q

What is the function of slow wave sleep?

A

slow-wave sleep is important for restoring the brain. There are also data to support the theory that slow-wave sleep is important for explicit memories.

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15
Q

What is the function of REM sleep?

A

It would appear that among the benefits of REM is the brain’s ability to consolidate information and skills.

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16
Q

What is the evolutionary hypothesis of dreams?

A

A hypothesis about dreaming that suggests dreams have biological significance. Argues that we often dream about things that are directly related to survival and that they can lead to enhanced performance when encountering threatening events.

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17
Q

Imagine you are preparing to take a history exam. Based on what you know about sleep, it is probably in your best interest to follow which plan of action?

A

Be sure to get plenty of slow-wave sleep, as it is important for maintaining explicit memories

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18
Q

Katerina will be trying out for her college basketball team tomorrow. She has been practicing a new technique to approach the basket to set up her shot. According to research, before she tries out, it would be in her best interest to:

A

Get plenty of REM sleep, as it is important for the consolidation of skills

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19
Q

Maggie has been having a terrifying reoccurring dream that the genetics lab on campus released several super-sized tigers on campus, and they are chasing her. If you were to use an evolutionary hypothesis of dreams to understand her experience, you would point out that:

A

It is typical to dream about threats that were relevant during our ancestral past, such as predation

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20
Q

What are hypnagogic hallucinations?

A

Vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before the onset of sleep

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21
Q

What are hypnopompic hallucinations?

A

Vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before waking

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22
Q

Another term for “childhood onset insomnia” is ______ insomnia.

A

Idiopathic

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23
Q

When do night terrors most commonly occur?

A

During slow-wave sleep, during childhood

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24
Q

REM sleep disorder results in people:

A

Acting out their dreams

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25
Q

Sleepwalking occurs during:

A

Slow-wave sleep

26
Q

The term ______________ ______________ (2 words) refers to habits and behaviors that are conducive to sleeping well.

A

Sleep hygiene

27
Q

What is another term for sleepwalking?

A

Somnambulism

28
Q

______________ refers to problems with the quality of sleep. ______________, in contrast, refers to the problems that occur during sleep.

A

Dyssomnia, parasomnia

29
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Cues from the environment that set biological clocks

30
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

The structure in the brain, next to the optic chiasm, that sets the body’s circadian clock

31
Q

Alcohol consumption inhibits the functioning of which neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

32
Q

Alcohol consumption increases the functioning of which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

33
Q

How does caffeine work?

A

It blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine

34
Q

Nicotine stimulates the release of:

A

acetylcholine (an excitatory neurotransmitter)

35
Q

What is Pavlovian conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which a seemingly insignificant event signals an important event; a conditional stimulus provides information about the presence or absence of an unconditional stimulus

36
Q

What is an unconditional stimulus?

A

A type of stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning in which a biologically important event requires no conditioning to affect our behaviour

37
Q

What is an unconditional response?

A

A reflex

38
Q

What is a conditional stimulus?

A

A type of stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning that requires learning to be meaningful and is only meaningful because the event tells us something about the unconditional stimulus

39
Q

What is a conditional response?

A

A learned response that occurs to the conditional stimulus in preparation for the unconditional stimulus

40
Q

What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?

A

Described situations in which we can choose from different options (responses) based on prior experience.

41
Q

Thorndike developed the:

A

Law of effect

42
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

A description for the finding that we learn about situations and behaviour that lead to something we like and do not learn to associate situations and behaviour that lead to something we don’t like.

43
Q

What are antecedents?

A

anything in the physical environment that we can detect and tells us something about the consequences of our actions. Other people, inanimate objects, and signs are some of the many potential antecedents or cues that we encounter every day

44
Q

What is a behaviour?

A

anything that we can do that is affected by the environment, can be repeated and counted, and affects the environment.

45
Q

What are consequences?

A

stimuli that can increase or decrease the probability of future behavior. More specifically, they are simply events that happen after and because of a response

46
Q

What are the 3 components to Skinner’s radical behaviouralism theory?

A

Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequence

47
Q

What is the ‘dead man’ test?

A

A term used to help define behaviour: If a dead man can do it, it is not a behaviour

48
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Some behavior produces a stimulus that leads to more of that same kind of behavior in the future

49
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Some behavior removes a stimulus that leads to more of that kind of behavior in the future

50
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Some behavior produces a stimulus that leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future

51
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Some behavior removes a stimulus that leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future. This is what we typically think of when we think of a punishment

52
Q

What is shaping?

A

involves selecting and reinforcing more complex responses that look like the response you want while extinguishing simpler forms of the target response.

53
Q

What are reinforcers?

A

events or stimuli that follow behavior and increase the future likelihood of that kind of response.

54
Q

What is a reinforcer test (contingency analysis)?

A

A way to determine if the consequence selected is a reinforcer and increases the frequency of a behaviour

55
Q

What are primary (unconditional) reinforcers?

A

not learned; they naturally affect the responses they follow and include stimuli/events needed to maintain life

56
Q

What are secondary (conditional) reinforcers?

A

reinforcers that influence responses because they signal or have been associated with a primary reinforcer. Secondary reinforcers are not universal; they depend quite a bit on what has already been learned.

57
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that we can’t see until we’re motivated to show it; that is, there is no change in our performance until we receive a reward

58
Q

What is social (observational) learning?

A

We understand what we do by watching others.

59
Q

What are the 4 phases of social learning?

A
  1. Attentional
  2. Retention
  3. Production
  4. Motivational
60
Q

What happens during the attentional phase of social learning?

A

We notice the model’s behavior. Additionally, we are more likely to imitate the model when we like and respect that person.

61
Q

What happens during the retention phase of social learning?

A

we think about performing the model’s actions ourselves.

62
Q

What happens during the production phase of social learning?

A

we actually perform the model’s actions.

PSY 1101 (1 decks)

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