Midterm 2 review Flashcards
What brain waves are present when you are awake?
Alpha waves (remember: A for “awake”)
What stage of sleep are sleep spindles found in?
Stage 2
At what stage of sleep are you asleep but still easily able to be awakened?
Stage 2
At what stage of the sleep cycle are delta waves found in?
Slow wave sleep
At what stage of the sleep cycle do dreams occur?
REM sleep
At what stage of the sleep cycle are K complexes found?
Stage 2
What are sleep spindles?
Brief bursts of activity that occur every 2-5 minutes during non-REM sleep
What are K complexes?
A pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition
What type of waves are found when one is awake but RELAXED?
Alpha waves
What type of waves are found when one is awake and ALERT?
Beta waves
What appears during NREM1 (sleep stage 1)?
The appearance of theta waves
What 2 types of waves are found during REM sleep?
Theta waves and Beta waves
What is one major reason why sleep is important (general)?
It is important for normal cognitive functioning
What is the function of slow wave sleep?
slow-wave sleep is important for restoring the brain. There are also data to support the theory that slow-wave sleep is important for explicit memories.
What is the function of REM sleep?
It would appear that among the benefits of REM is the brain’s ability to consolidate information and skills.
What is the evolutionary hypothesis of dreams?
A hypothesis about dreaming that suggests dreams have biological significance. Argues that we often dream about things that are directly related to survival and that they can lead to enhanced performance when encountering threatening events.
Imagine you are preparing to take a history exam. Based on what you know about sleep, it is probably in your best interest to follow which plan of action?
Be sure to get plenty of slow-wave sleep, as it is important for maintaining explicit memories
Katerina will be trying out for her college basketball team tomorrow. She has been practicing a new technique to approach the basket to set up her shot. According to research, before she tries out, it would be in her best interest to:
Get plenty of REM sleep, as it is important for the consolidation of skills
Maggie has been having a terrifying reoccurring dream that the genetics lab on campus released several super-sized tigers on campus, and they are chasing her. If you were to use an evolutionary hypothesis of dreams to understand her experience, you would point out that:
It is typical to dream about threats that were relevant during our ancestral past, such as predation
What are hypnagogic hallucinations?
Vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before the onset of sleep
What are hypnopompic hallucinations?
Vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before waking
Another term for “childhood onset insomnia” is ______ insomnia.
Idiopathic
When do night terrors most commonly occur?
During slow-wave sleep, during childhood
REM sleep disorder results in people:
Acting out their dreams
Sleepwalking occurs during:
Slow-wave sleep
The term ______________ ______________ (2 words) refers to habits and behaviors that are conducive to sleeping well.
Sleep hygiene
What is another term for sleepwalking?
Somnambulism
______________ refers to problems with the quality of sleep. ______________, in contrast, refers to the problems that occur during sleep.
Dyssomnia, parasomnia
What are zeitgebers?
Cues from the environment that set biological clocks
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
The structure in the brain, next to the optic chiasm, that sets the body’s circadian clock
Alcohol consumption inhibits the functioning of which neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Alcohol consumption increases the functioning of which neurotransmitter?
GABA
How does caffeine work?
It blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine
Nicotine stimulates the release of:
acetylcholine (an excitatory neurotransmitter)
What is Pavlovian conditioning?
A type of learning in which a seemingly insignificant event signals an important event; a conditional stimulus provides information about the presence or absence of an unconditional stimulus
What is an unconditional stimulus?
A type of stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning in which a biologically important event requires no conditioning to affect our behaviour
What is an unconditional response?
A reflex
What is a conditional stimulus?
A type of stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning that requires learning to be meaningful and is only meaningful because the event tells us something about the unconditional stimulus
What is a conditional response?
A learned response that occurs to the conditional stimulus in preparation for the unconditional stimulus
What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?
Described situations in which we can choose from different options (responses) based on prior experience.
Thorndike developed the:
Law of effect
What is the law of effect?
A description for the finding that we learn about situations and behaviour that lead to something we like and do not learn to associate situations and behaviour that lead to something we don’t like.
What are antecedents?
anything in the physical environment that we can detect and tells us something about the consequences of our actions. Other people, inanimate objects, and signs are some of the many potential antecedents or cues that we encounter every day
What is a behaviour?
anything that we can do that is affected by the environment, can be repeated and counted, and affects the environment.
What are consequences?
stimuli that can increase or decrease the probability of future behavior. More specifically, they are simply events that happen after and because of a response
What are the 3 components to Skinner’s radical behaviouralism theory?
Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequence
What is the ‘dead man’ test?
A term used to help define behaviour: If a dead man can do it, it is not a behaviour
What is positive reinforcement?
Some behavior produces a stimulus that leads to more of that same kind of behavior in the future
What is negative reinforcement?
Some behavior removes a stimulus that leads to more of that kind of behavior in the future
What is positive punishment?
Some behavior produces a stimulus that leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future
What is negative punishment?
Some behavior removes a stimulus that leads to less of that kind of behavior in the future. This is what we typically think of when we think of a punishment
What is shaping?
involves selecting and reinforcing more complex responses that look like the response you want while extinguishing simpler forms of the target response.
What are reinforcers?
events or stimuli that follow behavior and increase the future likelihood of that kind of response.
What is a reinforcer test (contingency analysis)?
A way to determine if the consequence selected is a reinforcer and increases the frequency of a behaviour
What are primary (unconditional) reinforcers?
not learned; they naturally affect the responses they follow and include stimuli/events needed to maintain life
What are secondary (conditional) reinforcers?
reinforcers that influence responses because they signal or have been associated with a primary reinforcer. Secondary reinforcers are not universal; they depend quite a bit on what has already been learned.
What is latent learning?
learning that we can’t see until we’re motivated to show it; that is, there is no change in our performance until we receive a reward
What is social (observational) learning?
We understand what we do by watching others.
What are the 4 phases of social learning?
- Attentional
- Retention
- Production
- Motivational
What happens during the attentional phase of social learning?
We notice the model’s behavior. Additionally, we are more likely to imitate the model when we like and respect that person.
What happens during the retention phase of social learning?
we think about performing the model’s actions ourselves.
What happens during the production phase of social learning?
we actually perform the model’s actions.
