Midterm #2 Review Flashcards
drug use
taking a drug as intended
drug misuse
taking a drug, not as intended
drug abuse
excessive use of a drug
set
a person’s total internal environment
setting
a person’s total external environment
addiction
persistent dependence on a behaviour or substance
tolerance
when a larger dose of a drug or more intense involvement in a behaviour is needed to feel the desired effect
withdrawal
experienced by addicts when drug is not consumed or behaviour is not engaged in
nurturing through avoidance
repeatedly turning to a certain behaviour or drug to avoid unpleasant feelings or situations
signs of addiction
- compulsion
- loss of control
- negative consequences
- denial
compulsion
obsessive preoccupation with a behaviour or substance and an overwhelming need for it
loss of control
inability to predict reliably whether any isolated involvement with addictive behaviour or substance will be healthy or damaging
negative consequences
difficulties such as physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, relationship difficulties, family dissolution, and others as a result of continued engagement with a substance or behaviour
denial
inability to recognize that there is a problem resulting from current use of drug or engagement in particular behaviour
relapse
tendency to use or re-engage in the addictive behaviour or drug after a period of abstinence
intervention
planned process of confrontation by significant others to break down denial compassionately so that an individual can see the destructive nature of their addiction
receptor sites
specialized cells to which drugs can attach themselves
psychoactive drugs
drugs that alter moods or behaviours
prescription drugs
only use if prescribed TO YOU by a physician
recreational drugs
drugs that are used to relax, socialize
over-the-counter drugs
drugs that are purchased without prescription
herbal preparations
substances of plant origin that are believed to have medicinal properties
illicit drugs
drugs whose use, possession, cultivation, manufacture, and/or sale are illegal
commercial preparations
chemical substances with drug action
routes of administration of drugs
- oral ingestion
- injection (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous)
- inhalation
- inunction
- suppositories
synergism
interaction between 2+ drugs; effects are magnified
antagonism
one drug blocks another
inhibition
one drug eliminates effects of another
intolerance
2+ drugs, together produce uncomfortable reactions
cross-tolerance
tolerance carries to another drug
types of prescription drugs
- antibiotics
- sedatives
- tranquilizers
- antidepressants
- amphetamines
- analgesics
types of over-the-counter drugs
- analgesics (prostaglandin inhibitors)
- cold, cough, allergy, and asthma relievers (expectorants, antitussives, antihistamines, decongestants, anticholinergics
- stimulants
- sleeping aids and relaxants
- dieting aids (laxatives or diuretics)
- inhalants
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
drug produced by fermentation and found in many beverages
fermentation
process whereby yeast organisms breakdown plant sugars to yield ethanol
distillation
process whereby mash is subjected to high temperatures to release alcohol vapours, which are then condensed and mixed with water to make the final product
proof
measure of the percent of alcohol in a beverage
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
ratio of alcohol to total blood volume
learned behavioural tolerance
some can learn to modify their behaviour to appear sober with a high BAC
BAC < 0.01%
- not impaired
- negligible
BAC 0.01% - 0.04%
- sometimes impaired
- slight muscle relaxation
- mild euphoria
- slight body warmth
- increased sociability
- talkativeness
BAC 0.05% - 0.07%
- usually impaired
- lowered alertness
- impaired judgement
- lowered inhibitions
- exaggerated behaviour
- loss of muscle control
BAC 0.08% - 0.14%
- always impaired
- slowed reaction time
- poor muscle coordination
- short-term memory loss
- judgement impaired
- inability to focus
BAC 0.15% - 0.24%
- always impaired
- blurred vision
- lack of motor skills
- sedation
- slowed reactions
- difficulty standing and walking
- passing out
BAC 0.25% - 0.34%
- always impaired
- impaired consciousness
- disorientation
- loss of motor function
- severely impaired or no reflexes
- impaired circulation and respiration
- uncontrolled urination
- slurred speech
- possible death
BAC > 0.35%
- always impaired
- unconsciousness
- coma
- extremely slow heart beat and respiration
- unresponsiveness
- possible death
factors that influence absorption
- amount consumed in given time
- size
- sex
- body build
- metabolism
- type and amount of food in stomach
- mood
immediate effects of alcohol
- central nervous system depressant
- diuretic
- water pulled from cerebrospinal fluid = dehydration
- irritant to gastrointestinal system
- hangover (caused by congeners)
long term effects of alcohol
- effects on nervous system
- cardiovascular effects
- liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis)
- cancer
- other effects (inflammation of pancreas, decreased nutrient absorption
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
- result of drinking during pregnancy
- leading cause of developmental delay
drinking and driving
- major cause of death
- around 1350 Canadians killed annually
- injures many more
alcohol abuse (alcoholism)
- excessive use of alcohol that interferes with: work, school, personal relationships, and/or violations of the law
- most common areas of life affected are physical, financial, and social health
causes of alcoholism
- biological and family factors
- social and cultural factors
- peer pressure, emotional, or social problems
- family attitudes, social factors
effects of alcoholism on families
- dysfunctional families
- children assume 1+ of the following roles: family hero, scapegoat, lost child, mascot
treatment programs
- residential, outpatient, detox, and crisis centres
- family, individual, and group therapy
- drug aversion therapy
- alcoholics anonymous (AA)
smoking
- # 1 preventable cause of death
- 17% of all deaths
effects of smoking tobacco
- chemicals condense on lungs and form tar
- carbon monoxide: 800x higher than safe levels
physiological effects of nicotine
- stimulates central nervous system
- stimulates adrenal glands
- increases heart and respiratory rate
- constricts blood vessels = increased blood pressure
- reduces appetite
smokeless tobacco
- addictive as cigarettes
- can cause leukoplakia: leathery, white patches inside mouth
- impairs smell and taste; leads to overeating
- can cause dental problems: receding gums, tooth decay, discoloured teeth
benefits of quitting smoking
- body repairs immediately
- more energy
- better sleep
- after 1 year: risk for lung cancer and stroke decrease
- after 10 years: live normal life span
caffeine
- most widely consumed drug in Canada
- effects: insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion
health consequences of long term caffeine use
- heart disease
- cancer
- mental dysfunction
fertility
the ability to reproduce
conception
fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
contraception
methods of preventing conception
condom
sheath of thin latex or other material designed to fit over an erect penis to collect semen upon ejaculation
oral contraception pills
pills that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones taken daily for 3 weeks of the menstrual cycle
depo-provera
an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months
nuva ring
soft, flexible ring inserted into the vagina for 3 weeks at a time; prevents pregnancy in the same way that the pill does
emergency contraceptive pills
drugs taken up to 3 days after intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy
spermicides
substances designed to kill sperm
female condom
a single use polyurethane sheath for internal use by women
diaphragm
a latex saucer shaped device designed to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus; should be used with spermicide
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
a potentially life-threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins multiply unchecked in wounds or through improper use of tampons or diaphragms
withdrawal
a method of contraception that involves withdrawing the pens from the vagina before ejaculation
fertility awareness methods (FAM)
several types of birth control that require alteration and/or abstinence of sexual behaviours based upon awareness of a woman’s fertile time
cervical mucus method
an FAM that relies on changes in cervical mucous to determine when the woman is fertile so the couple can abstain from intercourse during these times
body temperature method
an FAM that requires a woman to monitor her body temperatures for the rise that signals ovulation and to abstain from intercourse around this time
calendar method
an FAM the requires mapping a woman’s menstrual cycle on a calendar to determine presumed fertile times and abstain from intercourse and any other penis-vagina contact during those times
sterilization
permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures
tubal ligation
sterilization of the female that involves cutting and tying off the fallopian tubes
hysterectomy
the removal of the uterus
vasectomy
sterilization of the male that involves the cutting, cauterizing, and tying off of the vasa deferentia
abortion
medical means of aborting a pregnancy
vacuum aspiration
use of gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus
dilation and evacuation (D&E)
abortion technique that combines vacuum aspiration with dilation and curettage; fetal tissue is sucked and scraped out of the uterus
dilation and curettage (D&C)
abortion technique where in which the cervix is dilated with laminaria for 1-2 days and the uterine walls are scraped clean
induction abortion
type of abortion in which chemicals are injected into the uterus through the uterine wall; labour begins and the woman delivers a dead fetus
preconception care
medical care received prior to becoming pregnant that helps a woman assess and address potential maternal health
embryo
the fertilized egg from conception until the end of 2 months development
fetus
name given to the developing baby from the 3rd month of pregnancy till birth
placenta
network of blood vessels that carries nutrients to the developing infant and carries wastes away; connects to the umbilical cord
amniocentesis
a medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac; usually used to detect genetic diseases
amniotic sac
protective pouch surrounding the baby
early signs of pregnancy
- tender breasts
- extreme fatigue
- sleeplessness
- emotional upset
- nausea
- vomiting
second trimester
- physical changes in mother more visible
- placenta well established
third trimester
- greatest growth in fetus
- 85% of mother’s calcium, iron goes to fetus
- fetus may live if born in 7th month
post-partum depression
experience of energy depletion, anxiety, mood swings, and depression that women may feel in the first 4-6 weeks after delivery
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
caesarian section (c-section)
surgical procedure to remove baby, recovery usually takes longer
miscarriage
loss of the fetus before it is viable; also called spontaneous abortion
infertility
difficulties in conceiving
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
an infection that scars the fallopian tubes that consequently blocks sperm migration, leading to infertility
fertility drugs
hormones that stimulate ovulation in women not ovulating
alternative insemination
fertilization accomplished by depositing a donor’s semen into a woman’s vagina
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back to the mother’s body
gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
the harvesting of an egg from the female partner’s ovary, which is then placed with the male partner’s sperm in her fallopian tube, where it is fertilized and then migrates to the uterus for implantation
nonsurgical embryo transfer
IVF of a donor egg by the male partner’s (or donor’s) sperm and subsequent transfer back to the female partner’s or another woman’s uterus
embryo transfer
alternative insemination of a donor egg with the male partner’s sperm; after a time, the embryo is transferred from the donor to the female partner’s body
embryo freezing
the freezing of an embryo for later implantation
reduce risk of contracting an STI
- avoid casual sexual partners
- always use latex condom, dental dam
- discuss sexual history
- avoid injury to body during sex
- avoid semen, blood, or vaginal secretions
- avoid using drugs and alcohol
- wash hands before and after sex
- total abstinence is the only absolute way
- get tested; do not risk others
cocaine
powerful stimulant drug with strong psychological effects
freebase
most powerful distillate of cocaine
crack
a distillate of powdered cocaine that comes in small hard ‘chips’ or ‘rocks’
amphetamines
large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system
methamphetamine (meth)
powerfully addictive drug that strongly activates certain areas of the brain and affects the central nervous system
ice
potent, inexpensive stimulant with long-lasting effects
marijuana
psychoactive stimulant that intensifies reactions to environmental stimuli
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana
hashish
the sticky resin of the cannabis plant, high in THC
narcotics
drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain; primarily the opiates
opium
parent drug of the opiates; made from the milky juice of the opium poppy
morphine
derivative of opium; sometimes used by medical practitioners to relieve pain
codeine
drug derived from morphine; used in cough syrups and some painkillers
heroin
derivative of morphine, usually injected into the bloodstream
methadone
synthetic narcotic; used to block withdrawal symptoms as a treatment for people addicted to opiates
psychedelics
drugs that distort the processing of sensory information in the brain
reticular formation
an area in the brain stem responsible for relaying messages to other areas in the brain
hallucination
an image (auditory or visual) perceived but not real
lysergic acid diethyl-amide (LSD)
psychedelic drug causing sensory disruptions; also called ‘acid’
mescaline
hallucinogenic drug derived from the peyote cactus
peyote
cactus with small ‘buttons’ that, when ingested, produce hallucinogenic effects
psilocybin
active chemical found in psychedelic mushrooms that produces hallucinations
delirium
an agitated mental state characterized by confusion and disorientation produced by psychoactive drugs
deliriant
any substance that produces delirium at relatively low doses, including PCP and some herbal substances
phencyclidine (PCP)
a deliriant commonly called ‘angel dust’
designer drug
synthetic analogue (creates affects similar to the drug it mimics) of an existing illicit drug
anabolic steroids
artificial forms of the hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength
ergogenic drug
substance that enhances athletic performance
circadian rythm
24 hour cycle by which you are accustomed to going to sleep, waking up, and performing habitual behaviours
hormone
chemical messenger released from one of the body’s endocrine glands that travels in the bloodstream to another site where it helps to regulate body functions
sleep
readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment
non-REM (NREM) sleep
period of restful sleep dominated by slow brain waves; rapid eye movement is rare
REM sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain wave activity similar to that seen in wakefulness; rapid eye movement and dreaming occur
sleep debt
difference between the number of hours of sleep a person needs in a given time period and the number of hours they actually slept
sleep inertia
state defined by cognitive impairment, grogginess, and disorientation that is experienced upon rising from short term sleep or an overly long nap
insomnia
disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep quickly, frequent arousals during sleep, or early morning awakening
sleep apnea
disorder in which breathing is briefly and repeatedly interrupted during sleep
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
neurological disorder defined by an overwhelming urge to move the legs when they are at rest
narcolepsy
excessive, intrusive sleepiness
