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HSS1101 > Midterm #2 Review > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

drug use

A

taking a drug as intended

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2
Q

drug misuse

A

taking a drug, not as intended

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3
Q

drug abuse

A

excessive use of a drug

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4
Q

set

A

a person’s total internal environment

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5
Q

setting

A

a person’s total external environment

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6
Q

addiction

A

persistent dependence on a behaviour or substance

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7
Q

tolerance

A

when a larger dose of a drug or more intense involvement in a behaviour is needed to feel the desired effect

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8
Q

withdrawal

A

experienced by addicts when drug is not consumed or behaviour is not engaged in

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9
Q

nurturing through avoidance

A

repeatedly turning to a certain behaviour or drug to avoid unpleasant feelings or situations

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10
Q

signs of addiction

A
  • compulsion
  • loss of control
  • negative consequences
  • denial
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11
Q

compulsion

A

obsessive preoccupation with a behaviour or substance and an overwhelming need for it

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12
Q

loss of control

A

inability to predict reliably whether any isolated involvement with addictive behaviour or substance will be healthy or damaging

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13
Q

negative consequences

A

difficulties such as physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, relationship difficulties, family dissolution, and others as a result of continued engagement with a substance or behaviour

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14
Q

denial

A

inability to recognize that there is a problem resulting from current use of drug or engagement in particular behaviour

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15
Q

relapse

A

tendency to use or re-engage in the addictive behaviour or drug after a period of abstinence

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16
Q

intervention

A

planned process of confrontation by significant others to break down denial compassionately so that an individual can see the destructive nature of their addiction

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17
Q

receptor sites

A

specialized cells to which drugs can attach themselves

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18
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter moods or behaviours

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19
Q

prescription drugs

A

only use if prescribed TO YOU by a physician

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20
Q

recreational drugs

A

drugs that are used to relax, socialize

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21
Q

over-the-counter drugs

A

drugs that are purchased without prescription

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22
Q

herbal preparations

A

substances of plant origin that are believed to have medicinal properties

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23
Q

illicit drugs

A

drugs whose use, possession, cultivation, manufacture, and/or sale are illegal

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24
Q

commercial preparations

A

chemical substances with drug action

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25
Q

routes of administration of drugs

A
  • oral ingestion
  • injection (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous)
  • inhalation
  • inunction
  • suppositories
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26
Q

synergism

A

interaction between 2+ drugs; effects are magnified

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27
Q

antagonism

A

one drug blocks another

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28
Q

inhibition

A

one drug eliminates effects of another

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29
Q

intolerance

A

2+ drugs, together produce uncomfortable reactions

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30
Q

cross-tolerance

A

tolerance carries to another drug

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31
Q

types of prescription drugs

A
  • antibiotics
  • sedatives
  • tranquilizers
  • antidepressants
  • amphetamines
  • analgesics
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32
Q

types of over-the-counter drugs

A
  • analgesics (prostaglandin inhibitors)
  • cold, cough, allergy, and asthma relievers (expectorants, antitussives, antihistamines, decongestants, anticholinergics
  • stimulants
  • sleeping aids and relaxants
  • dieting aids (laxatives or diuretics)
  • inhalants
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33
Q

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

A

drug produced by fermentation and found in many beverages

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34
Q

fermentation

A

process whereby yeast organisms breakdown plant sugars to yield ethanol

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35
Q

distillation

A

process whereby mash is subjected to high temperatures to release alcohol vapours, which are then condensed and mixed with water to make the final product

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36
Q

proof

A

measure of the percent of alcohol in a beverage

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37
Q

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

ratio of alcohol to total blood volume

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38
Q

learned behavioural tolerance

A

some can learn to modify their behaviour to appear sober with a high BAC

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39
Q

BAC < 0.01%

A
  • not impaired
  • negligible
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40
Q

BAC 0.01% - 0.04%

A
  • sometimes impaired
  • slight muscle relaxation
  • mild euphoria
  • slight body warmth
  • increased sociability
  • talkativeness
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41
Q

BAC 0.05% - 0.07%

A
  • usually impaired
  • lowered alertness
  • impaired judgement
  • lowered inhibitions
  • exaggerated behaviour
  • loss of muscle control
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42
Q

BAC 0.08% - 0.14%

A
  • always impaired
  • slowed reaction time
  • poor muscle coordination
  • short-term memory loss
  • judgement impaired
  • inability to focus
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43
Q

BAC 0.15% - 0.24%

A
  • always impaired
  • blurred vision
  • lack of motor skills
  • sedation
  • slowed reactions
  • difficulty standing and walking
  • passing out
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44
Q

BAC 0.25% - 0.34%

A
  • always impaired
  • impaired consciousness
  • disorientation
  • loss of motor function
  • severely impaired or no reflexes
  • impaired circulation and respiration
  • uncontrolled urination
  • slurred speech
  • possible death
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45
Q

BAC > 0.35%

A
  • always impaired
  • unconsciousness
  • coma
  • extremely slow heart beat and respiration
  • unresponsiveness
  • possible death
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46
Q

factors that influence absorption

A
  • amount consumed in given time
  • size
  • sex
  • body build
  • metabolism
  • type and amount of food in stomach
  • mood
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47
Q

immediate effects of alcohol

A
  • central nervous system depressant
  • diuretic
  • water pulled from cerebrospinal fluid = dehydration
  • irritant to gastrointestinal system
  • hangover (caused by congeners)
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48
Q

long term effects of alcohol

A
  • effects on nervous system
  • cardiovascular effects
  • liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis)
  • cancer
  • other effects (inflammation of pancreas, decreased nutrient absorption
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49
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

A
  • result of drinking during pregnancy
  • leading cause of developmental delay
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50
Q

drinking and driving

A
  • major cause of death
  • around 1350 Canadians killed annually
  • injures many more
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51
Q

alcohol abuse (alcoholism)

A
  • excessive use of alcohol that interferes with: work, school, personal relationships, and/or violations of the law
  • most common areas of life affected are physical, financial, and social health
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52
Q

causes of alcoholism

A
  • biological and family factors
  • social and cultural factors
  • peer pressure, emotional, or social problems
  • family attitudes, social factors
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53
Q

effects of alcoholism on families

A
  • dysfunctional families
  • children assume 1+ of the following roles: family hero, scapegoat, lost child, mascot
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54
Q

treatment programs

A
  • residential, outpatient, detox, and crisis centres
  • family, individual, and group therapy
  • drug aversion therapy
  • alcoholics anonymous (AA)
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55
Q

smoking

A
  • # 1 preventable cause of death
  • 17% of all deaths
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56
Q

effects of smoking tobacco

A
  • chemicals condense on lungs and form tar
  • carbon monoxide: 800x higher than safe levels
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57
Q

physiological effects of nicotine

A
  • stimulates central nervous system
  • stimulates adrenal glands
  • increases heart and respiratory rate
  • constricts blood vessels = increased blood pressure
  • reduces appetite
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58
Q

smokeless tobacco

A
  • addictive as cigarettes
  • can cause leukoplakia: leathery, white patches inside mouth
  • impairs smell and taste; leads to overeating
  • can cause dental problems: receding gums, tooth decay, discoloured teeth
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59
Q

benefits of quitting smoking

A
  • body repairs immediately
  • more energy
  • better sleep
  • after 1 year: risk for lung cancer and stroke decrease
  • after 10 years: live normal life span
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60
Q

caffeine

A
  • most widely consumed drug in Canada
  • effects: insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion
61
Q

health consequences of long term caffeine use

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • mental dysfunction
62
Q

fertility

A

the ability to reproduce

63
Q

conception

A

fertilization of an ovum by a sperm

64
Q

contraception

A

methods of preventing conception

65
Q

condom

A

sheath of thin latex or other material designed to fit over an erect penis to collect semen upon ejaculation

66
Q

oral contraception pills

A

pills that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones taken daily for 3 weeks of the menstrual cycle

67
Q

depo-provera

A

an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months

68
Q

nuva ring

A

soft, flexible ring inserted into the vagina for 3 weeks at a time; prevents pregnancy in the same way that the pill does

69
Q

emergency contraceptive pills

A

drugs taken up to 3 days after intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy

70
Q

spermicides

A

substances designed to kill sperm

71
Q

female condom

A

a single use polyurethane sheath for internal use by women

72
Q

diaphragm

A

a latex saucer shaped device designed to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus; should be used with spermicide

73
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

a potentially life-threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins multiply unchecked in wounds or through improper use of tampons or diaphragms

74
Q

withdrawal

A

a method of contraception that involves withdrawing the pens from the vagina before ejaculation

75
Q

fertility awareness methods (FAM)

A

several types of birth control that require alteration and/or abstinence of sexual behaviours based upon awareness of a woman’s fertile time

76
Q

cervical mucus method

A

an FAM that relies on changes in cervical mucous to determine when the woman is fertile so the couple can abstain from intercourse during these times

77
Q

body temperature method

A

an FAM that requires a woman to monitor her body temperatures for the rise that signals ovulation and to abstain from intercourse around this time

78
Q

calendar method

A

an FAM the requires mapping a woman’s menstrual cycle on a calendar to determine presumed fertile times and abstain from intercourse and any other penis-vagina contact during those times

79
Q

sterilization

A

permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures

80
Q

tubal ligation

A

sterilization of the female that involves cutting and tying off the fallopian tubes

81
Q

hysterectomy

A

the removal of the uterus

82
Q

vasectomy

A

sterilization of the male that involves the cutting, cauterizing, and tying off of the vasa deferentia

83
Q

abortion

A

medical means of aborting a pregnancy

84
Q

vacuum aspiration

A

use of gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus

85
Q

dilation and evacuation (D&E)

A

abortion technique that combines vacuum aspiration with dilation and curettage; fetal tissue is sucked and scraped out of the uterus

86
Q

dilation and curettage (D&C)

A

abortion technique where in which the cervix is dilated with laminaria for 1-2 days and the uterine walls are scraped clean

87
Q

induction abortion

A

type of abortion in which chemicals are injected into the uterus through the uterine wall; labour begins and the woman delivers a dead fetus

88
Q

preconception care

A

medical care received prior to becoming pregnant that helps a woman assess and address potential maternal health

89
Q

embryo

A

the fertilized egg from conception until the end of 2 months development

90
Q

fetus

A

name given to the developing baby from the 3rd month of pregnancy till birth

91
Q

placenta

A

network of blood vessels that carries nutrients to the developing infant and carries wastes away; connects to the umbilical cord

92
Q

amniocentesis

A

a medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac; usually used to detect genetic diseases

93
Q

amniotic sac

A

protective pouch surrounding the baby

94
Q

early signs of pregnancy

A
  • tender breasts
  • extreme fatigue
  • sleeplessness
  • emotional upset
  • nausea
  • vomiting
95
Q

second trimester

A
  • physical changes in mother more visible
  • placenta well established
96
Q

third trimester

A
  • greatest growth in fetus
  • 85% of mother’s calcium, iron goes to fetus
  • fetus may live if born in 7th month
97
Q

post-partum depression

A

experience of energy depletion, anxiety, mood swings, and depression that women may feel in the first 4-6 weeks after delivery

98
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

99
Q

caesarian section (c-section)

A

surgical procedure to remove baby, recovery usually takes longer

100
Q

miscarriage

A

loss of the fetus before it is viable; also called spontaneous abortion

101
Q

infertility

A

difficulties in conceiving

102
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

an infection that scars the fallopian tubes that consequently blocks sperm migration, leading to infertility

103
Q

fertility drugs

A

hormones that stimulate ovulation in women not ovulating

104
Q

alternative insemination

A

fertilization accomplished by depositing a donor’s semen into a woman’s vagina

105
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back to the mother’s body

106
Q

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

A

the harvesting of an egg from the female partner’s ovary, which is then placed with the male partner’s sperm in her fallopian tube, where it is fertilized and then migrates to the uterus for implantation

107
Q

nonsurgical embryo transfer

A

IVF of a donor egg by the male partner’s (or donor’s) sperm and subsequent transfer back to the female partner’s or another woman’s uterus

108
Q

embryo transfer

A

alternative insemination of a donor egg with the male partner’s sperm; after a time, the embryo is transferred from the donor to the female partner’s body

109
Q

embryo freezing

A

the freezing of an embryo for later implantation

110
Q

reduce risk of contracting an STI

A
  • avoid casual sexual partners
  • always use latex condom, dental dam
  • discuss sexual history
  • avoid injury to body during sex
  • avoid semen, blood, or vaginal secretions
  • avoid using drugs and alcohol
  • wash hands before and after sex
  • total abstinence is the only absolute way
  • get tested; do not risk others
111
Q

cocaine

A

powerful stimulant drug with strong psychological effects

112
Q

freebase

A

most powerful distillate of cocaine

113
Q

crack

A

a distillate of powdered cocaine that comes in small hard ‘chips’ or ‘rocks’

114
Q

amphetamines

A

large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system

115
Q

methamphetamine (meth)

A

powerfully addictive drug that strongly activates certain areas of the brain and affects the central nervous system

116
Q

ice

A

potent, inexpensive stimulant with long-lasting effects

117
Q

marijuana

A

psychoactive stimulant that intensifies reactions to environmental stimuli

118
Q

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana

119
Q

hashish

A

the sticky resin of the cannabis plant, high in THC

120
Q

narcotics

A

drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain; primarily the opiates

121
Q

opium

A

parent drug of the opiates; made from the milky juice of the opium poppy

122
Q

morphine

A

derivative of opium; sometimes used by medical practitioners to relieve pain

123
Q

codeine

A

drug derived from morphine; used in cough syrups and some painkillers

124
Q

heroin

A

derivative of morphine, usually injected into the bloodstream

125
Q

methadone

A

synthetic narcotic; used to block withdrawal symptoms as a treatment for people addicted to opiates

126
Q

psychedelics

A

drugs that distort the processing of sensory information in the brain

127
Q

reticular formation

A

an area in the brain stem responsible for relaying messages to other areas in the brain

128
Q

hallucination

A

an image (auditory or visual) perceived but not real

129
Q

lysergic acid diethyl-amide (LSD)

A

psychedelic drug causing sensory disruptions; also called ‘acid’

130
Q

mescaline

A

hallucinogenic drug derived from the peyote cactus

131
Q

peyote

A

cactus with small ‘buttons’ that, when ingested, produce hallucinogenic effects

132
Q

psilocybin

A

active chemical found in psychedelic mushrooms that produces hallucinations

133
Q

delirium

A

an agitated mental state characterized by confusion and disorientation produced by psychoactive drugs

134
Q

deliriant

A

any substance that produces delirium at relatively low doses, including PCP and some herbal substances

135
Q

phencyclidine (PCP)

A

a deliriant commonly called ‘angel dust’

136
Q

designer drug

A

synthetic analogue (creates affects similar to the drug it mimics) of an existing illicit drug

137
Q

anabolic steroids

A

artificial forms of the hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength

138
Q

ergogenic drug

A

substance that enhances athletic performance

139
Q

circadian rythm

A

24 hour cycle by which you are accustomed to going to sleep, waking up, and performing habitual behaviours

140
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger released from one of the body’s endocrine glands that travels in the bloodstream to another site where it helps to regulate body functions

141
Q

sleep

A

readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment

142
Q

non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

period of restful sleep dominated by slow brain waves; rapid eye movement is rare

143
Q

REM sleep

A

period of sleep characterized by brain wave activity similar to that seen in wakefulness; rapid eye movement and dreaming occur

144
Q

sleep debt

A

difference between the number of hours of sleep a person needs in a given time period and the number of hours they actually slept

145
Q

sleep inertia

A

state defined by cognitive impairment, grogginess, and disorientation that is experienced upon rising from short term sleep or an overly long nap

146
Q

insomnia

A

disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep quickly, frequent arousals during sleep, or early morning awakening

147
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder in which breathing is briefly and repeatedly interrupted during sleep

148
Q

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

A

neurological disorder defined by an overwhelming urge to move the legs when they are at rest

149
Q

narcolepsy

A

excessive, intrusive sleepiness

HSS1101 (1 decks)

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