Midterm #2 Review Flashcards
Types of Wars
- Hegemonic War
- Total War
- Limited War
- Civil War
- Guerilla War
Hegemonic War
War over control of the entire word order
Ex: world war, global war, general war, systemic war
WWII
Total War
Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another
Goal: to reach surrender of the government, then replace
WWII
Limited War
Military actions carried out to gain some objective short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
- many border wars
Civil War
Between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new government
Guerrilla War
Includes certain kinds of civil wars, warfare without front lines
Individual Level cause of war
Rationality, realism, use of war reflects rational decisions of national leaders
Domestic level cause of war
Due to the characteristics of states and societies
Systemic level cause of war
Due to power relations among major actors
Power transition theory
conflicts generate larger wars at times when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is threatening to overtake a declining hegemony
Cyce theories
Explains general tendencies toward war
Nonviolent means of leverage
Foreign aid, economic sanctions, diplomacy
Violent actions as leverage
mobilization, suicide bombers, missiles
Why do states devote most resources to military capabilities compared to other means of influence
Security dilemma
Categories of Military Capabilities
Conventional forces, irregular forces, weapons of mass destruction
Types of struggles
- controlling territory
- controlling the sea
- controlling the skies
Means of leverage
dominance (realism)
Reciprocity (Liberal)
Identity (c)
New analogy of defense economics
Societal costs in the long run, money can be used for other areas
Tradeoff between long-term economic growth and military spending
Generation Warfare
1st: muskets, line tactics
2nd: attrition warfare, firepower (WWI)
3rd: maneuver warfare, rapid mechanization (WWII)
4th: guerilla warfare, asymmetric war (larger group against a smaller group)
Network Centric Warfare
using technology, intelligence, infantry
Future of warfare?
Fighting for cyberspace, low tech
Types of international conflicts
Ethnic (Ideas) Religious (Ideas) Ideological (ideas) Territorial (Interests) Governmental (interests) Economic (interests)
ethnic conflict
ethnic division is created by the existence of threats between ethnic groups
Irredentism
Goal of regaining territory lost to another state
Most common form of conflict in IR
Economic conflicts
Why are ideological conflicts hard to resolve?
A: An intangible desire
B: not closely tied to personal morals and beliefs
C: gaining land, power and materials
A: an intangible desire, more personal
Why are material conflicts the hardest to resolve?
Always more to gain, land, power, materials. States are greedy. Always a possibility.
Why are territorial conflicts the hardest to resolve?
Hard to come to an agreement, no one wants to give up land, people on the land fighting for their own land.
Two types of territorial conflicts
- over land ownership
2. who has the right to the land with an existing state
Interdependence Theory of economic conflict
Must be some relationship between economic activity and trade between countries. Whether conflicts rises or falls.
Sensitivity interdependence
Dependence when you can find other sources
Vulnerability interdependence
Hard to find other sources
nationalism and war
Conflicts over nations, ethics, or religious groups are the deeper cause of most wars.
Terrorism
political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately
Purpose of terrorism
Demoralize civilian population, leverage on national government.
Gaining media attention
Psychological effect. Fear raised from the violence
Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Nuclear
- Chemical
- Biological
Nuclear Weapons
Most destructive weapon
EX: atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs.
EX: Ballistic missiles (long or short range)
Chemical Weapons
release chemicals that disable and kill people
EX: Nerve gas, tear gas, mustard gas
Banned under Geneva protocol.
Biological Weapons
Use deadly microorganisms to release viruses or bacteria
Proliferation
Spread of WMD
Non-proliferation treaty
Controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise
Mutually Assured Destruction
MAD, neither side can prevent the other from destroying it. You bomb us we bomb you. Always that possibility.
Causes of terrorism
- Decline of state-centric ideologies (Communism)
- globalization= religious mobilization
- communication and technology
- anger over foreign policy
- authoritarian regimes
Counter-terrorism
key goal: breaking the narrative of terrorist organizations
Solutions to terrorism
- Cell-phones and drones
- cutting off the money for terrorist groups will cut off operations
Role of international organizations in war
Most international conflicts are not resolved through military force, rather international organizations
How are agree norms institutionalized?
Through organization, overtime gaining legitimacy
Most important international organization
The United Nations
Purpose of the UN
- Closest thing to a world government
- strengthens world order
- symbol, forum, mechanism, information
Structure of the UN
- General Assembly: representatives of all states
- Security Council: 5 great powers and ten rotating members make decisions
Secretariat: judicial arm
UN Security Council purpose
maintaining peace and security
Who are the P5?
US, Britain, France, Russia and China
Peacekeeping forces of the UN
used to calm regional conflicts
function: observing or peacekeeping
Autonomous Agencies
General assembly works with other international agencies
ex: World Health organization
Types of international organizations
- treaties / laws
- International organizations
- NGOs
- International regimes (informal groups_
Why do states join IOs?
Realists: way for strong states to get what they want
Liberals: help solve collective action problems
Constructivists: social reasons
Main issue of the UN
sovereignty vs governance
UN Secretary General
World moderator, a neutral actor for the globe, world president
European Union Structure
- council of the E.U: ministers of the state
- European Council: heads of government, approve laws
- European Commission: propose legislation
- European Parliament: approve laws of the EC
- Court of Justice: can strike down laws, judge from every member state
- Central bank
EU challenges
enlargement
supranational
when states turn some sovereignty over to a higher intergovernmental organization
International Integration theory
Merging of several states into a signal state or a single world. A central government.
international law
derives from traditional agreements signed by states
Sources of international law
- treaties (most important source)
- Customs: norms
- general principles of law
- legal scholarships
what does enforcement of International law depend on?
enforcement depends on the reciprocity principle
World Court Main Use
dispute issues of secondary importance
No war will ever be solved using the world court
World Court
States can sue other states in the world court
Diplomatic recognition
Status of am embassy as an official state representative
diplomatic immunity
a privilege, actions fall outside of the host countries jurisdiction. Shielded from arrest.
Just-War Doctrine
legal wars, strong international norm.
Legal if an aggression is repelling the attack or if punishing the aggressor. INTENT MUST BE JUST.
Wars of aggression are…
Illegal wars
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
core international document concerning human rights
Enforcing humans rights
Hard because it involves interfering in a state’s internal affairs-
- publicity: naming and shaming
- pressure
- humanitarian intervention (rare)
War crimes
Large-scale abuse of human rights
International Criminal Court (ICC)
hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
Triggers for the ICC
- state can turn over an individual for trial
- special prosecutor at the ICC can begin a trial if the crime occurred in the territory of the signatory state
- UN SC can proceed against individuals from non-signatory states
Geneva convention
Tribunal to deal with genocides
2 visions of International law
Realist vision: IL is weak, rules do not influence state behavior
Liberal vision: IL has limits but it matters
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Treaty
life, liberty, freedom of thought and religion
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
right to education, living wage, employment
Why do states violate H.R?
- incapacity
- national security
- to suppress domestic political dissent
- threat to leaders survival
Power of technology
changing how information and culture function within IR
Social media is used as…
A tool of revolution
- allows for communication and coordination
Digital Divide
UN thinks the internet is a human right
The global environmental issue is a….
Collective action problem
Two major problems of the atmosphere
- Global warming
2. Depletion of the ozone layer
Extinction results from…
overhunting, overfishing, introducing nonnative species
Disputes over Major Sea Lane of Communication indicates which type of conflict
Economic conflict
Who is in charge of the military in democracies
Civilians
sensitivity interdependence theory (define)
cost of maintaining relationships
vulnerability interdependence theory (define)
cost of breaking relationships
- how vulnerable one country would be to another country
clausewitz theory
war is diplomacy/politics by other means
-rational policy choice
Keegan theory
war is of its own kind
- irrational
Huntington theory
civil military relations
Finer theory
who deserves loyalty
military vs civilians
Parallel cleavages
creates division and tension, leads to conflict
ex: nationalism leading to civil war
Cross-cutting cleavages
better division and diversity, less conflict
EU challenges
- Euro crisis
- Democratic backsliding in Eastern Europe
- Brexit (could lead to domino effect)
- Enlargement
Bill of human rights
the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education
Eu History
- European coal and steel community (treaty of Paris)
- treaty of Rome (common market)
- widening
- deepening
Causes of Brexit
- immigration politics
- economic policies
environmental issue is a…
collective action problem
3 types of environmental issues
- global governance (kyoto, Paris agreement)
- regional/cross-border (immigration, population)
- within a country (population)
Kyoto (1992)
limiting greenhouse gas emissions
- eventually many wanted out
Emerging Climate Regime
EU
California
Idea that if International regime is not going to enforce it, we will do it regionally or locally
Paris Agreement
- temp
- differenciation
- emmission objectives
- burden-sharing
- climate damage
