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PSYC 324 INFANT DEVELOPMENT MIDTERM 1 MODULE 1 & 2 > Midterm 2 Module 3&4 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Module 3&4 Flashcards

1
Q

anoxia

A

a lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain; may result in neurological damage or death.

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2
Q

Apgar test

A

a quick assessment of the newborn’s heart rate, respiration, colour, muscle tone, and reflexes that is used to gauge perinatal stress and to determine whether a neonate requires immediate medical assistance.

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3
Q

birthing centre

A

a hospital birthing room or other independent facility that provides a homelike atmosphere for childbirth but still makes medical technology available.

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4
Q

breech birth

A

a delivery in which the fetus emerges feet first or buttocks first rather than head first.

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5
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical delivery of a baby through an incision made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus

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6
Q

emotional bonding

A

term used to describe the strong affectionate ties that parents may feel toward their infant; some theorists believe that the strongest bonding occurs shortly after birth, during a sensitive period.

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7
Q

engrossment

A

paternal analogue of maternal emotional bonding; term used to describe fathers’ fascination with their neonates, including their desire to touch, hold, caress, and talk to the newborn baby.

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8
Q

first stage of labour

A

the period of the birth process lasting from the first regular uterine contractions until the cervix is fully dilated.

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9
Q

natural and prepared childbirth

A

each involve a delivery in which physical and psychological preparations for the birth are stressed and medical assistance is minimized.

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10
Q

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

a test that assesses a neonate’s neurological integrity and responsiveness to environmental stimuli.

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11
Q

perinatal environment

A

the environment surrounding birth.

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12
Q

postpartum depression

A

strong feelings of sadness, resentment, and despair that may appear shortly after childbirth and can linger for months.

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13
Q

preterm infants

A

infants born more than three weeks before their normal due date.

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14
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

a serious condition (also called hyaline membrane disease) in which a preterm infant breathes very irregularly and is at risk of dying.

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15
Q

RH factor

A

a blood protein that, when present in a fetus but not the mother, can cause the mother to produce antibodies. These antibodies may then attack the red blood cells of subsequent fetuses who have the protein in their blood

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16
Q

second stage of labour

A

the period of the birth process during which the fetus moves through the birth canal and emerges from the mother’s body (also called delivery).

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17
Q

small-for-date (or small-for-gestational-age) babies

A

infants whose birth weight is far below normal, even when born close to their normal due date.

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18
Q

third stage of labour

A

expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth)

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19
Q

brain growth spurt

A

the period between the seventh prenatal month and 2 years of age when more than half of the child’s eventual brain weight is added

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20
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

a sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds from the head (cephalic region) to the tail (or caudal region).

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21
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of the brain’s cerebrum, which is involved involuntary body movements, perception, and higher intellectual functions such as learning, thinking, and speaking.

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22
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

the specialization of brain functions in the left and the right cerebral hemispheres.

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23
Q

corpus callosum

A

the bundle of neural fibres that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and transmit information from one hemisphere to the other.

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24
Q

dynamical systems theory

A

a theory that views motor skills as active reorganizations of previously mastered capabilities undertaken to find more effective ways of exploring the environment or satisfying other objectives.

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25
Q

glia

A

nerve cells that serve multiple functions including nourishing neurons, encasing them in insulating sheaths of myelin, facilitating transport, and waste removal.

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26
Q

myelinization

A

the process by which neurons are enclosed in waxy myelin sheaths that will facilitate the transmission of neural impulses.

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27
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that receive and transmit neural impulses.

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28
Q

physically active play

A

moderate to vigorous play activities such as running, jumping, climbing, play fighting, or game playing that raise a child’s metabolic rate far above resting levels.

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29
Q

pincer grasp

A

a grasp in which the thumb is used in opposition to the fingers, enabling an infant to become more dexterous at lifting and fondling objects.

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30
Q

proprioceptive information

A

sensory information from the muscles, tendons, and joints that help one to locate the position of one’s body (or body parts) in space.

31
Q

proximodistal development

A

a sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds from the centre of the body (the proximal region) to the extremities (distal regions).

32
Q

puberty

A

the point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of fathering or conceiving a child.

33
Q

skeletal age

A

a measure of physical maturation based on the child’s level of skeletal development.

34
Q

synapses

A

the connective space (juncture) between one nerve cell (neuron) and another.

35
Q

synaptogenesis

A

ormation of connections (synapses) among neurons.

36
Q

ulnar grasp

A

an early manipulatory skill in which an infant grasps objects by pressing the fingers against the palm.

37
Q

cerebrum

A

the highest brain centre; includes both hemispheres of the brain and the fibres that connect them.

38
Q

sensation

A

detection of stimuli by the sensory receptors and transmission of this information to the brain.

39
Q

perception

A

process by which we categorize and interpret sensory input.

40
Q

enrichment theory

A

theory specifying that we must add to sensory stimulation by drawing on stored knowledge in order to perceive a meaningful world.

41
Q

differentiation theory

A

theory specifying that perception involves detecting distinctive features or cues that are contained in the sensory stimulation we receive.

42
Q

distinctive features

A

characteristics of a stimulus that remain constant; dimensions on which two or more objects differ and can be discriminated (sometimes called invariances or invariant features).

43
Q

preference method

A

method used to gain information about infants’ perceptual abilities by presenting two (or more) stimuli and observing which stimulus the infant prefers.

44
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus that has become familiar through repetition.

45
Q

dishabituate

A

an increase in responsiveness that occurs when stimulation changes.

46
Q

high-amplitude sucking method

A

a method of assessing infants’ perceptual capabilities that capitalizes on the ability of infants to make interesting events last by varying the rate at which they suck on a special pacifier.

47
Q

evoked potential

A

a change in patterning of the brain waves that indicates that an individual detects (senses) a stimulus.

48
Q

otitis media

A

common bacterial infection of the middle ear that produces mild to moderate hearing loss.

49
Q

phonemes

A

the basic units of sound that are used in a spoken language.

50
Q

visual acuity

A

person’s ability to see small objects and fine detail.

51
Q

visual contrast

A

amount of light/dark transition in a visual stimulus.

52
Q

stereopsis

A

fusion of two flat images to produce a single image that has depth.

53
Q

pictorial (or perspective) cues

A

depth and distance cues (including linear perspective, texture gradients, sizing, interposition, and shading) that are monocular—that is, detectable with only one eye.

54
Q

visual looming

A

expansion of the image of an object to take up the entire visual field as it draws very close to the face.

55
Q

size constancy

A

tendency to perceive an object as the same size from different distances despite changes in the size of its retinal image.

56
Q

kinetic cues

A

cues created by movements of objects or movements of the body; provide important information for the perception of forms and spatial.

57
Q

visual cliff

A

elevated platform that creates an illusion of depth; used to test the depth perception of infants.

58
Q

intermodal perception

A

ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality.

59
Q

perceptual learning

A

changes in ability to extract information from sensory stimulation that occur as a result of experience.

60
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning in which an initially neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a meaningful non-neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response originally made only to the non-neutral stimulus.

61
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that elicits a particular response without any prior learning.

62
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

unlearned response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

63
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response.

64
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that always elicits the response.

65
Q

extinction

A

gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the response is no longer reinforced (in operant conditioning).

66
Q

counterconditioning

A

treatment based on classical conditioning in which the goal is to extinguish an undesirable response and replace it with a new and more adaptive one.

67
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which freely emitted acts (or operants) become either more or less probable depending on the consequences they produce.

68
Q

positive reinforcer

A

any stimulus whose presentation, as the consequence of an act, increases the probability that the act will recur.

69
Q

negative reinforcer

A

any stimulus whose removal or termination as the consequence of an act will increase the probability that the act will recur.

70
Q

positive punishment

A

punishing consequence that involves the presentation of something unpleasant following a behaviour.

71
Q

negative punishment

A

punishing consequence that involves the removal of something pleasant following a behaviour.

72
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching others

73
Q

encoding

A

process by which external stimulation is converted to a mental representation.

74
Q

deferred imitation

A

the ability to reproduce a modelled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past.

PSYC 324 INFANT DEVELOPMENT MIDTERM 1 MODULE 1 & 2 (2 decks)

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