Midterm 2 - Ligands and Main Group Chemistry

Question 1

Group 13

Answer 1

O.S. = +1, +3
soft, relatively reactive

Question 2

Group 14

Answer 2

O.S. = +2, +4 (and -4 —> C and Si)

Question 3

Group 15

Answer 3

O.S. = Multiple

Question 4

Group 16

Answer 4

O.S. = 0 (O2), -1 (peroxides), -2 (most common for family)

Question 5

oxide

Answer 5

O^2-

Question 6

peroxide

Answer 6

O2^2-

Question 7

superoxide

Answer 7

O2^- (O.S. = 1/2 each)

Question 8

Group 17 (Halogens)

Answer 8

O.S. = -1
High electronegativity, form polar covalent bonds

Question 9

Group 18

Answer 9

O.S. = 0
low reactivity, colorless, odorless, neutral
low melting point, low boiling point

Question 10

Vanadium (V)

Answer 10

O.S. = 0, +5
Used in alloys to strengthen material (steel)
toxic!!!!

Question 11

Niobium (Nb) and Tantalum (Ta)

Answer 11

named after Greek mythology daughter and father
Nb is material of interest for superconductors

Question 12

Chromium (Cr)

Answer 12

O.S. = 0, +3, +4, +6
-First family with multiple oxidation states found in nature
-Name derived from greek word for color (chroma)
-Toxic!!!!

Question 13

Molybdenum (Mo) and Tungsten (W)

Answer 13

-Biologically important for enzymes, pigments
-W has a very high melting point
-Used for light bulb filaments, heat lamps

Question 14

Manganese (Mn)

Answer 14

-Not found in nature as pure metal — always in ore
-Used as catalyst, in alkaline batteries, strengthening component in steel, and as cofactors to many enzymes
- Permanganates are strong oxidizing agents

Question 15

Technetium (Tc)

Answer 15

-Lightest radioactive element
-Only man made!

Question 16

Iron (Fe)

Answer 16

Possible O.S. = +2 to +6; common O.S. = +2, +3

Question 17

Cobalt (Co)

Answer 17

-Blue color
-very rare to find (in ores)
-known as “goblin” ore in German

Question 18

Rhodium (Rh)

Answer 18

-hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert
-very rare!!
-excellent for plating jewelry

Question 19

Iridium (Ir)

Answer 19

-rare
-archaeologists use to develop and support theories about asteroids

Question 20

Nickel (Ni)

Answer 20

-coins, batteries, corrosion preventer

Question 21

Platinum (Pt)

Answer 21

-rare
-very unreactive
-corrosion resistant
-intert electrodes, jewelry, anti-cancer drugs

Question 22

Copper (Cu)

Answer 22

-excellent conductor of electricity, durable

Question 23

Silver (Ag)

Answer 23

-highest thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and reflectivity
-tarnishes from contact with sulfur

Question 24

Gold (Au)

Answer 24

-very unreactive
-jewelry, currency

Question 25

Zinc (Zn)

Answer 25

-corrosion resistant -toxic!!!

Question 26

Cadmium (Cd)

Answer 26

-O.S. = +2 -used in batteries -toxic!!!

Question 27

Mercury (Hg)

Answer 27

-only metal liquid at room temp -toxic based on dose -dental fillings

Question 28

Alkali Metals

Answer 28

O.S. = +1 -highly reactive -makes H2 with water

Question 29

Lithium (Li)

Answer 29

-react with oxygen to form oxides, peroxides, superoxides -battery

Question 30

Hydrogen (H)

Answer 30

-lightest element -rocket fuel -non-metal

Question 31

Alkaline Earth Metals

Answer 31

O.S. = +2 -low densities, low melting & boiling points, low solubility, form basic oxides

Question 32

Beryllium (Be)

Answer 32

smaller, harder, higher melting point, higher ionization energy, more covalent bonding, less reactive than family members

Question 33

Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca)

Answer 33

biologically important! -lower solubility = hard water

Question 34

Barium (Ba)

Answer 34

-toxic -absorbs x-rays -gastromedicine

Question 35

Radium (Ra), Radon (Rn)

Answer 35

radioactive!!!!

Question 36

M + X2

Answer 36

--> MXy

Question 37

M + H2

Answer 37

--> MHy

Question 38

M + O2

Answer 38

--> MxOy

Question 39

M + N2

Answer 39

--> M3Ny

Question 40

MxNy + H2O

Answer 40

--> xM(OH)y + yNH3

Question 41

M + H2O

Answer 41

--> M(OH)y or, -->M(OH)y + H2

Question 42

MxOy + H2O

Answer 42

--> M(OH)y or, --> M(OH)y + H2

Question 43

MxCy + H2O

Answer 43

--> M(OH)y + CH4