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BIOL 1070 > Midterm 2 Key terms > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

species that are spilt due to a geographical barrier or movement

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2
Q

What is sympatic speciation?

A

species that are spilt by reproductive separation even though they are in the same place (separated by time or reproductive cycles/mating seasons)

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3
Q

What is endemism?

A

Refers to species evolving in a certain region and staying in that region

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4
Q

What is range expansion?

A

The evolution of a species elsewhere (nearby) and then expanded its range to also include another area

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5
Q

What is range shift?

A

the evolution of a species that evolved elsewhere but its range shifted to not include the former distribution, only the current distribution

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6
Q

What is long-range dispersal?

A

Non-native/invasive, it arrived from somewhere else not nearby

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7
Q

What is Vicariance?

A

the evolution of a species somewhere under certain environmental conditions, but then the physical landscape itself moved, thus exposing those species to different environmental conditions or geographical barrier

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8
Q

What is niche partitioning?

A

the prevention of niche overlap, every species has some difference in the resource they use, how they impact the environment, etc.

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9
Q

True or False: 2 species with the same niche often coexist?

A

False; 2 species with the same niche can never coexist

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10
Q

What is species richness?

A

the number of species within a habitat

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11
Q

What is species diversity?

A

A combination of species richness and species eveness

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12
Q

What is species evenness?

A

relative abundance of each species in each area

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13
Q

What is the main difference between species richness/evenness and beta/gamma species diversity?

A

Species richness/evenness is measured within a habitat, beta/gamma species diversity is measured across a habitat or multiple habitats

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14
Q

On a local scale, how do we know when enough plots have been sampled?

A

When the graph reaches a plateau/ when sampling is intensely saturated

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15
Q

What does the shannon diversity index indicate?

A

associated with species evenness, it represents how abundant each species is relative to the abundance of the other species in a given habitat

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16
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

measure of how different the diversity is between two habitats

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17
Q

What is gamma diversity?

A

the total number of species across all habitats being studied

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18
Q

What is alpha diversity?

A

the total number of species within a habitat

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19
Q

What is the fundamental niche?

A

all the possible dimensions in which a species can survive in principle

20
Q

What is the realized niche?

A

the dimensions in which a species actually survives after the affects of biotic interactions

21
Q

What is competitor exclusion?

A

when one competitor disappears or move out of the area

22
Q

What is character displacement?

A

both species continue to co-exist, but they diverge to occupy slightly different niches within the shared habitat, this could be from

23
Q

What is meant by co-existence at reduced carrying capacity?

A

both species continue to live in the area, but at lower numbers

24
Q

What are the three spatial patterns of distribution?

A

clumped, even and random

25
Q

True or False: Biotic interactions are only important in terms of defining biomes at large scales

A

True

26
Q

What is the equation for population abundance?

A

Pt2 = Pt1 + (B-D) + (I-E)

27
Q

What are density dependant factors?

A

they affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that depends on the population density

28
Q

What are density independant factors?

A

they affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that DO NOT depend` on the population density

29
Q

What are the possible reasons for why a species may live where they live?

A

endemism, vicariance, long-range/invasive, range shift, and range expansion

30
Q

Can a density-dependent or density-independent treatment eradicate a population?

A

density-independent

31
Q

Does density-dependent or density-independent treatment result in a lower carrying capacity?

A

density-dependent

32
Q

What are two reasons why a species may occupy two different areas?

A

Vicariance and dispersal

33
Q

How are biodiversity and latitude related?

A

inversely related

34
Q

How are population size and latitude related?

A

proportionally related

35
Q

True or Flase: when the number of all individuals within a habitat is doubled, the shannon diversity indices is also doubled

A

False; the shannon diversity index remains the same

36
Q

What does a shannon diversity index greater than one mean?

A

the habitat is very even

37
Q

What are some examples of density dependent factors?

A

disease, competition, parasites

38
Q

What are some examples of density-independent factors?

A

temperature, flooding/storms, human activity

39
Q

What is population ecology?

A

concerned with factors such as population size, density, growth and patterns of dispersion

40
Q

What is community ecology?

A

the study of the structure and dynamics of animal and plant communities

41
Q

What is commensalism species interactions?

A

when species 1 is benefited but species 2 is neither benefitted nor harmed

42
Q

What is amensalism species interactions?

A

species 1 has a negative effects in species 2 but species 1 is neither benefited nor harmed

43
Q

What is a functional trait?

A

how a species functions within a community or ecosystem

44
Q

What are ecosystem engineers?

A

organisms that control the availability of resources to other species

45
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

predicts that the highest level of species richness will occur at an intermediate level of intensity or frequency of natural disturbance

BIOL 1070 (1 decks)

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