Midterm 2: Definitions

Question 1

The far point of clear vision with accommodation relaxed

Answer 1

Punctum Remotum (PR)

Question 2

Conjugate points are infinity and the retina. Therefore the PR is infinity.

Answer 2

Emmetropia

Question 3

Conjugate points are inside infinity and the retina. Therefore and uncorrected _________ has an accommodative PR inside infinity.

Answer 3

Myope

Question 4

Conjugate points are beyond infinity and the retina. A corrected __________ has an accommodative PR of beyond infinity (-).

Answer 4

Hyperope

Question 5

the nearest of closest points of clear vision. This is determined performing Donder’s amplitude of accommodation measurement.

Answer 5

Punctum Proximum

Question 6

The dioptric difference between the accommodative PR and PP.

Answer 6

Amplitude of Accommodation

Question 7

Portion of accommodation present in absence of a stimulus; resting state of accommodation

Answer 7

Tonic Accommodation

Question 8

Stimulation of accommodation caused simply by the nearness target.

Answer 8

Psychic Accommodation

Question 9

Autonomic, non-volitional change in accommodation as a response to a blur

Answer 9

Reflex Accommodation

Question 10

Range in accommodation due to chromatic abberation; change in accommodation can vary, depending on which color is focused on the retina

Answer 10

Aberrational Accommodation

Question 11

a constant parasympathetic stimulation of accommodation, when there is no need for accommodation

Answer 11

Excessive Accommodation

Question 12

the ciliary muscle is in a state of spasm

Answer 12

Spasm of Accommodation

Question 13

prolonged, uniform spasm of accommodation

Answer 13

Tonic Spasm

Question 14

alternate, intermittent spasm of accommodation

Answer 14

Clonic Spasm

Question 15

accommodative amplitude below the limits of age level expected; usually found in young adults or premature presbyopes

Answer 15

Insufficient Accommodation

Question 16

when a change in focus is needed by a patient, there is a delay in the accommodative system, making a change necessary for clear vision

Answer 16

Inertia of Accommodation

Question 17

accommodation is non-functional due to drugs, infections, trauma, cogenital, etc.; the patient has near point blur and a dilated pupil

Answer 17

Paralysis of Accommodation

Question 18

a drug, applied topically to the eye, which causes paralysis of accommodation and secondary pupil dilation

Answer 18

cycloplegic

Question 19

the condition in which the refractive condition is the SAME for the two eyes

Answer 19

isometropia

Question 20

the condition in which the refractive condition is NOT the same for two eyes

Answer 20

anisometropia

Question 21

a specific type of anisometropia, where one eye is myopic and the other eye is hyperopic

Answer 21

antimetropia

Question 22

a refractive condition other than emmetropia

Answer 22

ametropia

Question 23

in refraction, the use of excessive plus power to place the retinal image in front of the retina, to prevent the patient from accommodating

Answer 23

fogging

Question 24

Superior Rectus (major action and innervation)

Answer 24

elevation; CN 3

Question 25

Inferior Rectus (major action and innervation)

Answer 25

depression; CN 3

Question 26

Medial Rectus (major action and innervation)

Answer 26

adduction; CN 3

Question 27

Lateral Rectus (major action and innervation)

Answer 27

abduction; CN 6

Question 28

Superior Oblique (major action and innervation)

Answer 28

depression; CN 4

Question 29

Inferior Oblique (major action and innervation)

Answer 29

elevation; CN 3

Question 30

the function, whereby the eyes turn in to maintain single vision

Answer 30

convergence

Question 31

total amount of turning in of two eyes to fixate at a distance

Answer 31

fusion-meter angles

Question 32

1 cm deviation of light at 1 meter

Answer 32

prism diopter

Question 33

distance between the two eyes

Answer 33

interpupillary distance (PD)

Question 34

to determine the prism diopter stimulus to converge

Answer 34

amplitude of convergence

Question 35

formula for amplitude of convergence

Answer 35

(reciprocal of the distance) X (PD) = amp. of convergence

Question 36

movement of the line of sight of one eye toward the body's midline

Answer 36

adduction

Question 37

movement of the line of sight of one eye away from the body's midline

Answer 37

abduction

Question 38

movement of the line of sight of one eye above the straight ahead position

Answer 38

supraduction

Question 39

movement of the line of sight of one eye below the straight ahead position

Answer 39

infraduction

Question 40

parallel movement to the right

Answer 40

dextroversion

Question 41

parallel movement to the left

Answer 41

levoversion

Question 42

parallel movement to the upward

Answer 42

supraversion

Question 43

parallel movement to the downward

Answer 43

infraversion

Question 44

movement of lines of sight toward's the body's midline, or towards each other

Answer 44

convergence

Question 45

movement of lines of sight away from the body's midline, or away from each other

Answer 45

divergence

Question 46

convergence movement with no associated change in accommodation

Answer 46

fusional vergence

Question 47

the lines of sight meet at the same point, after any tendency has been overcome

Answer 47

phorias

Question 48

the two eyes converge directly on the target, with no tendency to turn in or our, up or down

Answer 48

orthophoria

Question 49

the tendency of the two eyes to turn out for the target; this tendency is overcome by positive fusional vergence (PFV)

Answer 49

exophoria

Question 50

the tendency of the two eyes to turn in for the target; this tendency is overcome by negative fusional vergence (NFV)

Answer 50

esophoria

Question 51

the tendency of one eye to look above the other; this tendency is overcome by vertical fusional vergence

Answer 51

hyperphoria

Question 52

the tendency of one eye to look below the other; this tendency is overcome by vertical fusional vergence

Answer 52

hypophoria

Question 53

a deviation of one eye relative to the other; also called tropia, squint

Answer 53

strabismus

Question 54

the deviation of one eye out

Answer 54

exotropia

Question 55

the deviation of one eye in

Answer 55

esotropia

Question 56

the deviation of one eye up

Answer 56

hypertropia

Question 57

the deviation of one eye down

Answer 57

hypotropia