Midterm 2: Ch. 5, 6, 8, labs 3-6 Flashcards
(not a question) Cards formatted as:
[Chapter #] | [Flashcard first side]
5| What is a database? (icon represented as a cylinder DB)
An organized connection of data; a collection of integrated records. (a collection of tables + relationships among the rows + special data (metadata)).
5| What is the purpose of databases?
To organize and keep track of multiple themes, such as grades or emails.
5| When should data be stored in a spreadsheet versus a database?
Single theme - store in a spreadsheet; Multiple themes - store in a database.
5| Why is it important to learn about databases?
Databases are ubiquitous in commerce and essential for turning data into useful information.
5| What are the components of a database?
Hierarchy of data elements and relationships among rows.
5| What is a Database Management System (DBMS)? - do business, make shit… what lol
A system that creates, processes, and administers databases. Many don’t develop their own DBMS (liks os), and use licensed products.
Database administration (DBA)
person or department that develops procedures and practices to ensure efficient/orderly multiuser processing of the database, to control changes to the database structure, and to protect the database.
Database Administration tasks
Development, Operation, backup and recovery adaptation
5| What are the functions of a DBMS?
- Creating the Database and its structures 2. Processing the database 3. Administering the database.
5| What are some licensed DBMS vendors?
IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others.
5| What is an example of an open-source DBMS?
MySQL: License-free for most applications.
5| What are the DBMS process operations?
- Read 2. Insert 3. Modify 4. Delete data.
DB2
Access
SQL Server
Oracle Database
Popular DBMS products.
Db2 - IBM (enterprise class)
Access - Microsoft (personal and small workgroup)
SQL Server - Microsoft (enterprise class)
Oracle db - Oracle (enterprise class)
MySQL
Popular open source DBMS product, license-free for most applications
5| What is SQL?
Structured Query Language, an international standard language for creating and processing databases.
5| What is an example SQL command?
INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], H W1, H W2, MidTerm) VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100);
DATABASE APPLICATION
Collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that facilitates users’ processing of a database. A database can be processed by many different database applications.
5| What are the four elements of a database application?
Purposes, Forms, Reports, Queries, and Application programs.
5| What do FORMS in a database application do?
Data entry forms used to view data, insert new, modify, and delete existing data. (collection of forms, reports, queries)
5| What do REPORTS in a database application do?
Presentation of data in a structured, meaningful context
5| What do QUERIES in a database application do?
Request for data from a database
Graphical Queries
Queries, criteria in which user clicks on graphic (sharepoint.. more advanced onedrive)
5| What are reports in a database application?
Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering, and other operations.
5| What are queries in a database application?
Search using values provided by the user.
Thin-client applications
dont need to be preinstalled (browser application)
5| What are application programs in a database application?
Provide security, data consistency, and special purpose processing.
5| What are nontraditional DBMS products?
DBMS that store new data differently, focusing on ACID transactions.
5| What does ACID stand for?
Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions. (ignore; this is for me: radio, fixed, alone, strong)
Atomic
all of transaction is processed OR none of it is
Consistent
transaction processed in same manner
Isolated
whether processed alone or in presence of million other transactions
Durable
Once transaction is stored, it never goes away–even in presence of failure
5 | What is Dynamo?
Amazon-developed nonrelational data store.
5| What is Bigtable?
Google-developed nonrelational data store.
5| What is Cassandra?
Facebook-developed nonrelational data store using concepts from both Dynamo and Bigtable.
5| What is a Top-Level Project (TLP)?
Open-source Cassandra by Apache.
5| What is New SQL DBMS?
Processes very high levels of transactions like NoSQL DBMS but provides ACID support.
NoSQL DBMS
Refers to new DBMS products that support very high transaction rates (misleading, should be nonrelational DBMS) NO ACID
5| What are in-memory DBMS using SQL extension?
DBMS products that process databases in main memory. Examples include SAP HANA and Tableau.
Foreign Keys
Column/set of columns in the table that is the key of a different table. to establish a link between the data in two tables. Ex. email table communicates with student table for student number.
Key
a specific field or combination of fields within a table that uniquely identifies each row (record), acting as a unique identifier to access and retrieve specific data within a database
Primary Key
is a column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table.
5| What is Slick Analytics?
A strategy for merging storage and analysis of cloud-based data.
5| What was Laredo Petroleum’s old approach?
Used numerous spreadsheets and manual calculations, diminishing the value of data.
5| What is Laredo Petroleum’s new approach?
Uses cloud storage and cloud analytics.
Columns (aka. fields/groups/bytes)
Represent features of an entry: ex. PartNumber, EmployeeName, Sales Date. (horizontal)
Rows (aka. records, groups)
(vertical) collection of data for columns. Ex for the column student number a row could be 1325
Metadata
Data that describes data.. (Special data, describes structure of database). Ex. column says field name.. meta data in rows below say EmailNum, Date, message, StudentNum… which is metadata.
Characters (aka bytes)
Group of characters: ex. [B A K E R] could be numbers letters etc
Table (aka files)
groups of similar rows/records in a database
Multiuser processing
Situation exists when multiple users process database at same time (ex. multiple people buying tickets online, someone check out last 2, others think there are still some left but are then disappointed)
Lost-update Problem
Problem that exists in database applications where two users update same data item, but only one of changes is recorded in the data. Can be resolved using locking.
MongoDB
Open source, document-oriented, nonrelational DBMS. Can store stuff like customer images in same database as metadata
More Known vs Less Known SQL
ex. MongoDB is unknown in that they don’t know how robust or how it works for the query facility. However, mircosoft SQL server database is known and the may already be using it in which they can integrate.
Relational Model
Old method of processing databases (not used anymore, never a natural fit). The standard for more than 30 years. They were fixed sized tables, the theory of normalization came about because of limited storage, processing speeds back in 1960s to early 1970s.
6| What is the Cloud?
Elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet.
6| What does ‘Elastic’ mean in cloud computing?
Automatically adjusts for unpredictable demand and limits financial risks.
6| What does ‘Pooled’ refer to in cloud computing?
Same physical hardware, allowing for economies of scale.
6| What is Cloud Computing?
Applications, data, and processing power can be used remotely.
6| Why do organizations prefer the Cloud?
Lower costs, ubiquitous access, improved scalability, elasticity, and virtualization technology.
6| What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?
Offers virtual and physical IT infrastructure and networking. -the most basic offering
6| What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
has vendors provide hosted computers, an operating system, and a DBMS.
6| What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?
A cloud-based service that can be built on top of IaaS.
6| What are the positive aspects of Cloud over in-house housing?
Small capital requirements, speedy development, superior scalability, known cost structure, and focus on core business.
6| What are the negative aspects of Cloud compared to in-house housing?
Dependency on vendor, loss of control over data location, significant development effort, and ongoing support costs.
6| When does using the Cloud not make sense?
When law or standard industry practice requires physical control or possession of the data.
6| What is an example of resource elasticity in the Cloud?
A car manufacturer runs an ad during the Academy Awards and the cloud vendor increases server capacity based on site visits.
6| What are the types of Cloud offerings?
SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.
6| What is a Public Cloud?
A computing service offered over the internet, available to multiple organizations and users, typically managed by third-party providers.
6| What is a Private Cloud?
A dedicated computing environment used exclusively by one organization, offering greater control and security.
6| What is a Hybrid Cloud?
Combines public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them.
6| What is a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?
Stores user data in many different geographical locations and makes data available on demand.
6| What are the benefits of a CDN?
Decreased load time, reduced load on origin server, increased reliability, protection from DOS, and reduced delivery costs for mobile users.
VPN
a network that uses the Internet to create the appearance of private, secure connections.
Amazon EC2
Microsoft Azure
Apple iCloud
Office 365
Amazon EC2 is an example of IaaS (infrastructure as a service).
Microsoft Azure is an example of PaaS (platform as a service).
Apple iCloud is an example of SaaS (software as a service).
Office 365 is an example of SaaS (software as a service).
What is a primary benefit from the cloud’s RESOURCE ELASTICITY?
the cloud vendor will programmatically increase its servers to keep response time below the 0.5-second threshold goal
8| What are the three interconnected activities in a business process?
Check inventory, Check customer credit, Approve special terms.
8| What does the arrow labeled ‘Order in stock’ indicate?
It indicates the connection between ‘Check inventory’ and ‘Check customer credit’.
8| What does the arrow labeled ‘Order in stock and credit approved’ indicate?
It indicates the connection between ‘Check customer credit’ and ‘Approve special terms’.
8| What happens if the inventory is out of stock?
The customer is informed.
8| What occurs if customer credit does not meet requirements?
The credit is rejected.
8| What can happen after special terms are approved?
They may be rejected by the customer, or the order is confirmed.
8| What are structured processes?
Formally defined, standardized processes that involve day-to-day operations.
8| What are dynamic processes?
Flexible, informal, and adaptive processes that involve strategic and less structured managerial decisions.
8 | What is an example of a structured process?
Accepting a return, placing an order.
8| What is an example of a dynamic process?
Deciding where to open a new store location.
8| What characterizes workgroup processes?
Support one or more workgroup processes, often formalized, and can duplicate data.
8| What is an example of a workgroup process in sales and marketing?
Lead generation.
8| What is the scope of an enterprise process?
Supports one or more enterprise processes with 100–1,000+ users.
8| What is a characteristic of inter-enterprise processes?
Support one or more inter-enterprise processes with 1,000+ users.
8| What is process efficiency?
The ratio of outputs to inputs.
8| What is process effectiveness?
How well a process achieves the organizational strategy.
8| How can processes be improved?
By changing process structure, resources, or both.
8| What is an information silo?
A condition that exists when data are isolated in separate information systems.
8| What are some problems caused by information silos?
Duplicated data, data inconsistency, disjointed processes, increased costs.
8| What is one solution to eliminate information silos?
Integrate into a single database.
8| What is Business Process Reengineering (BPR)?
Integrated data and enterprise systems create stronger linkages in value chains.
8| What is the primary purpose of ERP systems?
Integration of business operations into a single, consistent computing platform.
8| What are the elements of ERP systems?
Hardware, software, data, procedures, and people.
8| What is the purpose of Customer Relationship Management (CRM)?
Manage all interactions with customers through the customer life cycle.
8| What does Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) do?
Connects system ‘islands’ and enables sharing of data.
8| What is the difference between ERP and EAI?
ERP has a central database and requires replacing old software, while EAI adds a layer without removing existing software.
Lab| What is a Relative Cell Reference?
Changes when copied to another location (e.g., A1 → B1).
Lab| What is an Absolute Cell Reference?
Stays the same when copied ($A$1).
Lab| What is a Mixed Cell Reference?
Partially locked, either row or column stays fixed ($A1 or A$1).
Lab| What is a Named Range?
A descriptive name for a range of cells (e.g., ‘SalesData’).
Lab| How do you create a Named Range?
Select cells → Click Formulas → Define Name → Enter name.
Lab| How do you use a Named Range in a formula?
Instead of A1:A10, use SalesData in functions like =SUM(SalesData).
Lab| What is the formula for the LOOKUP function?
LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector)
Lab| Give an example of the LOOKUP function.
=LOOKUP(5, A2:A10, B2:B10)
Finds 5 in A2:A10 and returns corresponding value from B2:B10.
Lab| What does the TODAY() function do?
Returns the current date.
Lab| What does the NOW() function do?
Returns the current date and time.
Lab| What do YEAR(A1), MONTH(A1), and DAY(A1) do?
Extracts year, month, or day from a date.
Lab| What is the DATEDIF function?
Calculates difference between two dates (‘Y’, ‘M’, ‘D’).
Lab| What does the SUMIF function do?
Adds numbers that meet a condition.
Lab| What does the COUNTIF function do?
Counts cells that meet a condition.
Lab| What does the AVERAGEIF function do?
Averages values that meet a condition.
Lab| What does the AVERAGEIFS function do?
Averages values that meet multiple conditions.
Lab| What does the UPPER function do?
Converts text to uppercase.
Lab| What does the LOWER function do?
Converts text to lowercase.
Lab| What does the PROPER function do?
Capitalizes the first letter of each word.
Lab| What does the TRIM function do?
Removes extra spaces.
Lab| What does the CONCATENATE function do?
Joins text together (Modern alternative: TEXTJOIN(‘ ‘, TRUE, ‘Hello’, ‘World’)).
Lab| What is a Column Chart?
Compares values using vertical bars.
Lab| What is a Bar Chart?
Horizontal version of a column chart.
Lab| What is a Line Chart?
Shows trends over time.
Lab| What is a Pie Chart?
Displays proportions.
Lab| What is a Scatter Plot?
Shows relationships between two variables.
Lab| How do you change a chart layout?
Click Chart → Chart Tools → Design → Quick Layout.
Lab| How do you apply a style to a chart?
Click Chart → Chart Tools → Design → Chart Styles.
Lab| How do you change chart data?
Click Chart → Chart Tools → Design → Select Data.
Lab| How do you update a chart automatically?
Edit the original table; the chart updates automatically.
Lab| What are Sparklines?
Tiny charts inside a single cell.
Lab| What are Data Bars?
Conditional formatting that visually represents values.
Lab| What is the IF function formula?
=IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
Lab| Give an example of the IF function.
=IF(B2>=C2, ‘Met Target’, ‘Did Not Meet Target’)
Lab| What is a Nested IF function?
Checks multiple conditions in sequence.
Lab| What is the formula for a Nested IF function?
=IF(condition1, result1, IF(condition2, result2, result3))
Lab| Give an example of a Nested IF function.
=IF(B2>=8000, ‘Excellent’, IF(B2>=6000, ‘Good’, IF(B2>=4000, ‘Average’, ‘Needs Improvement’)))
Lab| What is the IFS function formula?
=IFS(condition1, result1, condition2, result2, …, TRUE, default_result)
Lab| Give an example of the IFS function.
=IFS(B2>=8000, ‘Excellent’, B2>=6000, ‘Good’, B2>=4000, ‘Average’, TRUE, ‘Needs Improvement’)
Lab| What is the SWITCH function formula?
=SWITCH(expression, value1, result1, value2, result2, …, default_result)
Lab| Give an example of the SWITCH function.
=SWITCH(D2, ‘HR’, ‘Support’, ‘IT’, ‘Tech’, ‘Finance’, ‘Accounts’, ‘Marketing’, ‘Sales’, ‘Unknown’)
Lab| What does the AND function do?
=AND(condition1, condition2, …)
Lab| What does the OR function do?
=OR(condition1, condition2, …)
Lab| What does the NOT function do?
=NOT(condition)
Lab| What does the YEAR function do?
=YEAR(E2) - Extracts year from a date.
Lab| What does the MONTH function do?
=MONTH(E2) - Extracts month from a date.
Lab| What does the DAY function do?
=DAY(E2) - Extracts day from a date.
Lab| What does the TODAY function do?
=TODAY() - Returns the current date.
Lab| How do you check if an employee joined before 2020?
=IF(YEAR(E2)<2020, ‘Joined Before 2020’, ‘Joined in 2020 or later’)
Lab| What is the IFERROR function formula?
=IFERROR(expression, alternative_value)
Lab| Give an example of the IFERROR function.
=IFERROR(B2/C2, ‘Error - Check Data’)
Lab| What are the steps to create a Table?
Select data → Insert → Table → Check ‘My table has headers.’ OR press Ctrl + T.
Lab| What are the steps to create a PivotTable?
Click inside the table → Insert → PivotTable. Choose New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet.
Lab| How do you summarize data with PivotTables?
Right-click a value → Value Field Settings → Choose Sum, Count, Average.
Lab| How do you apply filters in PivotTables?
Click the dropdown arrow on a field → Select categories.
Lab| How do you sort data in PivotTables?
Click a column → Sort & Filter → Sort by Highest to Lowest.
Lab| How do you refresh data in a PivotTable?
Right-click the PivotTable → Refresh.
Lab| How do you change the data source of a PivotTable?
PivotTable Analyze → Change Data Source.
Lab| How do you add a PivotChart?
Select the PivotTable → Insert → PivotChart → Choose a chart type.
Lab| How do you customize a PivotChart?
Add Titles → Chart Tools → Chart Title. Add Data Labels → Chart Tools → Data Labels.
Lab| How do you apply filters to a PivotChart?
Click the Filter button.
Lab| How do you insert a Slicer?
Click the PivotTable → PivotTable Analyze → Insert Slicer → Select a field.
Lab| What is the first step in the practice exercise?
Load Student_Data.xlsx.
Lab| What is the second step in the practice exercise?
Create a PivotTable showing Total Marks for each Course.
Lab| What is the third step in the practice exercise?
Add a PivotChart for Average Marks per Course.
Lab| What is the fourth step in the practice exercise?
Add a new student and Refresh the PivotTable.
What is client-server architecture?
A computing model where multiple clients (devices) request and receive services from a centralized server.
What is cloud?
A system of computing resources (servers, storage, databases) available over the Internet.
What is cloud computing architecture?
The framework that allows on-demand computing services via the cloud, eliminating the need for on-premises hardware.
What is cloud interoperability?
The ability of different cloud services and platforms to work together seamlessly.
What is a computer terminal?
A device used to interact with a computer system, typically without local processing power.
What is a content delivery network (CDN)?
A network of distributed servers that deliver web content faster by caching data closer to users.
What is data fabric?
A unified data management architecture that enhances access, integration, and security across cloud and on-premises systems.
What does elastic mean in cloud computing?
The ability of cloud computing resources to expand or shrink dynamically based on demand.
What is a hybrid cloud?
A computing environment combining private and public cloud resources for flexibility and efficiency.
What is infrastructure as a service (IaaS)?
A cloud computing model that provides virtualized computing resources, such as storage and networking, on demand.
What is mainframe architecture?
A traditional computing model that relies on large, centralized computers (mainframes) to process data.
What are mainframes?
Powerful, high-capacity computers used for large-scale data processing and critical business operations.
What is a multicloud strategy?
The use of multiple cloud service providers to avoid reliance on a single vendor and enhance resilience.
What are on-premises systems?
IT infrastructure physically located within an organization’s facilities rather than in the cloud.
What does ‘over the Internet’ mean?
A method of delivering services or accessing resources via an Internet connection.
What is platform as a service (PaaS)?
A cloud computing model that provides development and deployment tools for building applications.
What does pooled mean in cloud computing?
A cloud computing concept where resources are shared among multiple users for efficiency.
What is a private cloud?
A cloud infrastructure used exclusively by one organization for enhanced security and control.
What is a virtual private cloud?
A subset of a public cloud that has highly restricted, secure access.
What is a public cloud?
A cloud environment where services are provided to multiple organizations or individuals over the Internet.
What is a remote action system?
Technology that enables users to control devices or perform tasks remotely.
What does scalable mean?
The ability of a system to handle increased workloads by adding resources.
What is software as a service (SaaS)?
A cloud computing model where software applications are delivered over the Internet on a subscription basis.
What is telemedicine?
The use of telecommunications technology to provide medical services remotely.
What is telelaw enforcement?
The use of remote technologies for law enforcement activities, such as surveillance or automated ticketing.
What is telesurgery?
A surgical procedure performed remotely using robotic systems and communication technologies.
What is a thin client?
A lightweight computing device that relies on a central server for processing and storage.
What is a tunnel in networking?
A secure communication channel used to transmit data over a network.
What is a virtual private network (VPN)?
A secure, encrypted connection that allows users to access a private network remotely over the Internet.
What is virtualization?
A process that allows a computer to share its hardware resources with multiple digitally separated environments.
What is the significance of pooled cloud resources?
Cloud resources are pooled because many different organizations use the same physical hardware; they share that hardware through virtualization.
How do companies use web services internally?
By building internal information systems that use the same standards as cloud-based web services.
What are activities in process management?
Subparts of processes that receive inputs and produce outputs.
What are the three activity processes?
Check inventory, check customer credit, approve special terms.
What are structured processes?
Formally defined, standardized processes that involve day-to-day operations.
What are dynamic processes?
Flexible, informal, adaptive processes that normally involve strategic and less specific managerial decisions and activities.
What are the three levels of organizational scope?
Workgroup, enterprise, inter-enterprise.
What is a workgroup process?
Exists to enable workgroups to fulfill the charter, purpose, and goals of a particular group or department.
What is a workgroup information system?
IS that supports a particular department/workgroup.
What are functional information systems?
Workgroup information systems that support a particular business function.
What is an enterprise process?
Span an organization and support activities in multiple departments.
What are enterprise information systems?
IS that support cross-functional processes and activities in multiple departments.
What are the characteristics of enterprise information systems?
Eliminate workgroup data duplication.
What are inter-enterprise information systems?
An information system that supports one or more inter-enterprise processes.
What is process efficiency?
Measure of the ratio of process outputs to inputs.
What is process effectiveness?
Measure of how well a process achieves organizational strategy.
How can processes be improved?
Change the process structure, change the process resources, or change both.
How can information systems improve process quality?
By performing activity, augmenting a human who is performing an activity, and controlling data quality and process flow.
What is an information silo?
Condition that exists when data are isolated in separate information systems, usually leading to data integrity problems.
What is data integrity?
Condition that exists when data values are consistent and in agreement with one another.
How can silos be fixed?
Integrate data into a single database and revise applications to use the database.
What is business process reengineering?
Altering existing and designing new business processes to utilize new information systems technology.
What are inherent processes?
Procedures that must be followed to effectively use licensed software.
What is CRM?
Customer relationship management system that manages all interactions with the customer, from lead generation to customer service.
What is the customer life cycle?
Process of marketing customer acquisition, relationship management, and loss/churn.
What are the steps in the customer life cycle?
Marketing, customer acquisition, relationship management, loss/churn.
What is the primary task of CRM?
Determine features you need, find a package that meets that set of needs.
What is ERP?
A suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent computing platform.
What does ERP forecast?
Sales and create manufacturing plans/schedules to meet them.
Who is the worldwide leader of ERP vendors?
SAP.
What is EAI?
A suite of software applications that integrates existing systems by providing layers of software and metadata that connect applications together.
What is self-efficacy?
A person’s belief that they can successfully perform tasks required on the job.
What are distributed systems?
Systems in which application processing is distributed across multiple computing devices.
What is a requirements gap?
Specified when an organization knows both what it needs and what a new product does.
What is isolated data?
Created by information systems at the enterprise level, being integrated into inter-enterprise systems using distributed applications.
