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History of Creativity 202 > Midterm 2 Ch. 34- 43 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Ch. 34- 43 Flashcards

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1
Q

Science

A

Seeks to understand what NATURE is like

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2
Q

Technology

A

Seeks to manipulate the world

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3
Q

Aristotelian Universe

A

Method: Deductive logic (proceed from a few basic premises, use logic to find the truth)
Motion: Rest is natural, everything seeks its natural state
Matter: Earth, Air, Fire, Water
Heaven & Earth: The heavens are different stuff from Earth – light, airy, and perfect (quintessence)
Location of planets and stars: On progressively higher crystalline spheres (stars are all on the same sphere)

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4
Q

Copernicus

A 
common sense seems to contradict the solar system
sun “rises” and “Sets”
1000 mph wind
not all epicycles could be eliminated 
scriptures seem to contradict
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5
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

revised copernican model

all planets, but earth, revolve around the sun

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6
Q

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

A

orbits of planets are ellipses

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7
Q

Galileo Galilei

A 
italian mathematician, astronomer
“Father of Science”
contributions
challenged Aristotle’s scientific method
acceleration rate the same
linked math with science with observation (math is language of science)
sunspots, moons of jupiter, rings of saturn, phases of venus
church
dialogue
forced to recant that he was wrong
house  arrest
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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Lord chancellor of England
Father of the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Method
Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge
Idols obstruct sound reason
“Tribe”: human tendency
“Cave”: individual weakness/ like and dislikes
“Marketplace”: understanding and using language
“Theatre” : accepted philosophical systems that are flawed/ influence of major philosophers

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9
Q

Bacon’s Models of Doing Science

A

ants=gather information

spiders= build big things i.e.systems

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10
Q

Renee Descartes

A

Father of analytical geometry
spatial relationships expressed in math formulas
only doubt can lead to certainty
“i think therefore I am”
reductionism
reducing problem to smaller levels until problem can be solved

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11
Q

Isaac Newton

A 
“Greatest scientist ever”
principia mathematica
laws of gravity and motion
laws same on Earth and heaven : Determinism
invented calculus
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12
Q

Antoine Lavoisier

A

father of modern chemistry

quantification

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13
Q

Enlightenment

A

Began in England–> France–> Western World
progressive, rationalistic, humanistic
rising middle class

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14
Q

Religion During the Englightenment

A 
reason supersedes faith
distrust of tradition and religion
society can get better as science guides humankind
humans are naturally good
good life is on earth
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15
Q

Deism: “scientific religion”

A

God: watchmaker
Universe governed by laws established by God
God is distant
anti-clerical and skeptical on organized religion
expected ethical, enlightened behavior of all people
Thomas Paine

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16
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A 
Learned science from Galileo
Matter ( if no matter it doesn’t exist)
why was gov’t created
Wrote Leviathan
monarchs sent by god to help humankind control condition
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17
Q

John Locke

A

Two treatises on Government
Tabula rasa - mind is a blank slate
gov’t is a social contract between people
didn’t believe in monarchs
made Glorious Revolution with limits
mankind was free, but constant threat to peace
mankind entered cooperation= gov’t
required that some freedom be surrendered
gov’t created by people to protect life, liberty, property and could be changed if it failed

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18
Q

Voltaire

A 
lived in exile
leader of French Enlightenment
Moves to Prussia with Frederick II (didn’t work)
rehab with French gov’t in last yr
against organized religion
Theodicy: ? of evil
God ignores suffering
God can’t stop suffering
God causes suffering
God doesn’t exist
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19
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A 
complexity of life created a need for govt
Social Contract
Noble savage: instinctive goodness corrupted by civilization ( progress and complexity)
foundation for French Revolution
liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Dominance of Legislature
strict rule by majority
all citizens are risk takers
socialist democracy
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20
Q

Effects of Enlightenment on England

A

Civil war and establishment of a limited monarchy

anger (eventual revolution) in the colonies

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21
Q

Effects of the Enlightenment on France

A

No immediate change from absolute monarchy but discontent that will lead to revolution

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22
Q

Frederick II of Prussia

A 
Founded by knights, strong military presence
youth
father was military man
forced to attend military school
interested in music ( flute)
run-away experience
prison
friend was killed by father
marriage ( no children)
Military conqueror
Silesia
7 yrs war
numerous invasions
Partition of Poland
Enlightened
fostered the arts
composed 100 sonatas and 4 symphonies
wrote anti- machiavellian book
built a Rococo palace
languages
correspondence with Voltaire
Results
Failure in enlightenment
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23
Q

Ivan IV (the Terrible) From Russia

A

acquired Ukraine and SIberia
St. Basils
Cathedral ( onion domes)

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24
Q

Peter the Great From Russia

A 
New “westernized” Russia
made French language of Russian court
encouraged European fashions
Built navy
New capital ( st Petersburg) war expansion better relations with Europe
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25
Q

Catherine II of Russia

A 
German princess
learned Russian, converted, changed name
married at 16 with Peter
Peter stopped wars with Prussia and military turned on him
Coup d’etat
Catherine supported the overthrow and he died
reform
built schools and hospitals
more open press
correspondence with thinkers
initial moves ending serfdom
sponsored art
Peasant revolt
Pugachev claimed to be peter
promised serf reform
Results
Many cities
stopped after barriers
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26
Q

Maria Theresa and Joseph II

A 
empress of Austria/not allowed to be Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph reforms
freed serfs
reduced power of Catholic church
increased freedom of press
equal protection under law
education for males
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27
Q

Enlightened Rulers vs Absolute Rulers

A

accepted change to improve country - reluctant to change
economic reform - economic disasters
Sought advice - dictated

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28
Q

Rococo Art

A 
wealthy class
greek gods
ornamentation
“cupid”, lovers, outdoor settings
pastel colors, white and gold
Watteau 
Jean Fragonard ( the swing)
Thomas Gainsborough ( mary countess Howe and Blue boy)
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29
Q

Classical ( neoclassical) Art

A 
return style of ancient Greece
balance, simplicity
rules strictly followed
Jacques Louis David ( Oath of the Horatii, napoleon's coronation)
Sculpture
Horatio Greenough ( washington)
US capital
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30
Q

Joseph haydn

A

Father of Symphonia

Included jokes

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31
Q

Mozart

A

Before 5 composed
life of depression and creativity
marriage and figaro
40th symphony

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32
Q

Beethoven

A 
Made piano popular
taught by Haydn
classical “Minuet”
Romantic
5th symphony
ode to joy
caused by his deafness
sadness
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33
Q

French and Indian War ( 7 years war)

A

British victory but they ended up broke
Thought colonies should help with financial burden because they were helping with protection from the French
colonies initially enjoyed freedom of taxes

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34
Q

proclamation of 1763

A

king George forbade colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mts.

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35
Q

Sugar Act of 1764

A

places a 3 cent tax on each gallon of molasses from outside the British Empire

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36
Q

Stamp Act of 1765

A

required colonists to pay for tax stamps on newspapers and legal documents

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37
Q

Townshend Act of 1767

A

on imported goods, glass. lead, paint, tea, paper

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38
Q

Tea Act 1773

A

British East India Company to sell tea below the price of smuggled tea
Boston Tea Party

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39
Q

Intolerable Acts 1774

A

Boston’s harbor closed until tea was paid for

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40
Q

First Continental Congress

A

attended by representatives from all colonies except Georgia
wrote to King and Parliament
Decided to stop trade with Britain unless Acts were abolished
Advise colonists to prepare for war
Agreed to meet again in May 1775

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41
Q

Second Continenta

A

created continental army as response to Lexington and Concord
Again attempted reconciliation with Britt
Didn’t have authorities to declare full independence so new elections

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42
Q

War of Independence

A 
Guerilla warfare
Lexington and Concord
Battle of Bunker Hill (cannons on hill)
Home-court advantage
veterans of war
French support
Americans were passionate
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43
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A

surrender of Cornwallis
French Blockade of British Navy
Negotiating of peace early

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44
Q

First Stage of French Revolution

A

King Louis XVI needed more tax revenue
failed attempts to increase taxes
estates general
3rd estate walked out and formed National Assembly
Every member got a vote
Formed city gov’t for Paris to control chaos
Attack on Bastille to get weapons
Versailles stormed by peasant women
Actions of National Assembly
Destruction of Privilege removing tax exemption
ratified Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen
new constitution
any landowner can vote
took over properties of nobiles
Louis attempted to flee to Austria but captured
Shift of mentality
Birth of French nationalism
Austria, England ,Prussia declared war

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45
Q

Second Stage of French Revolution- Reign of Terror

A 
reforms
metric system
new calendar
universal suffrage
slavery eliminated 
land redistribution given to poor
Guillotine
King and Queen
20,000 tried and executed
46
Q

Third Stage- Return of Moderates

A

Thermidorian reaction
Adoption of new constitution
Rule by Directory
Napoleon invited to consule

He takes over

47
Q

Napoleon

A 
Wars vs Prussia, England, Austria
Battle of Toulon against British
Promoted to brigadier general
Whiff of Grapeshot
promoted to commander and army of Italy
First Consul
code of Napoleon
bank of France
centralized state gov’t
relations with Catholic church
education system
support of science
Emperor
Attempts to increase presence in America
expansion
Boycott of English Goods
Russian defiance
Defeat in Russia 690,000- 100,000 men
Russia scorched earth ( no food or shelter)
Elba and the 100 days
emperor then escapes rules again
Napoleon defeated
sent to st.Helena and died
Congress of Vienna
return to absolutism
seeking for stability
48
Q

Principles of Romantic Era

A 
Artists emphasized personal message
emotion rather than reason
nationalism
stories
nature viewed mystically
Love of past vs future
exoticism ( foreign culture, occult)
49
Q

Characteristics of Music of Romantic Era

A 
Folk songs for nationalism
longer symphonies
orchestra grew in size
piano virtuosos
story
symbolic, story notes, well-known story
Uncomplicated ( short length)
Beethoven
Pastoral symphony ( nature depicted)
Franz schubert
Lieder: song with emotional theme
Frederick Chopin
short pieces in small rooms to allow communication
Nationalistic ( Polish) music
Minuet waltz
Franz Liszt
child prodigy
Hungarian Rhapsody 2
showman (rock and roll)
50
Q

Richard Wagne

A

German nationalist
Opera leitmotif ( theme associated with character or action)
depicted myths and heroes
Die Walkure (ride of the Valkyries)

51
Q

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky

A

Russian but wrote in French style
Ballet
Nutcracker, Romeo and Juliet

52
Q

“The Handful”

A

used Russian themes
Russian Easter Overture
flight of the Bumble bee

53
Q

Giuseppe Verdi

A

Composer
La Traviata
AIda
Rigoletto

54
Q

Francisco Goya

A

Artist
started classical
3rd of May 1808
Saturn devouring his son

55
Q

Eugene delacroix

A

Artist
Liberty leading the people
Death of Sardanapalus

56
Q

Joseph Mallord William Turner

A

Artist
The fighting “Temeraire”
The slave ship

57
Q

John Constable

A

Hay Wain

58
Q

Principles of Art

A 
Abandoned strict rules of neoclassical
Conveyed personal feeling of artist
Used nationalism
Depicted the exotic
Landscapes became important
59
Q

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A

Raised the level of German literature
The Sorrows of Young Werther
Faust

60
Q

Sir Walter Scott

A

Historical novels
Ivanhoe
Lady of the Lake

61
Q

Leo Tolstoy

A

War and peace

Freed serfs

62
Q

Victor Hugo

A

Hunchback of Notre Dame

Les Miserables

63
Q

Alexandre Dumas

A

Count of Monte Cristo
3 Musketeers
Man in the Iron mask

64
Q

William Wordsworth, Lord Byron

A

stories as poems, lyrical Ballads

65
Q

Mary Shelley

A

Frankenstein

66
Q

Conditions Required for an Industrial Revolution

A 
Raw materials for goods and energy
Population supply for industrial work
Demand
Investment capital
Laissez-faire economic policies
Merchant respectability
Presence of innovators willing to do it
Limited liability corporations
67
Q

Origins of Industrial Evolution

A 
Factors in England
No civil strife
Government favored trade
Large, innovative middle class
Island geography (trade)
Mobile population 
Everyone lived within 20 miles of navigable river
Tradition of experimental science
Weak guilds
Coal supply
68
Q

Manufacturing Negatives

A

Poor working/housing conditions
Children supplied labor
Rapid urban growth outpaced city infrastructure

69
Q

Luddites

A

Handicraftsmen replaced by machine

Organized to stop industrialization (saboteurs)

70
Q

Class Consciousness

A 
owners/ landholders- capitalism / gentry (conservatives)
Non-landed middle class and white collar workers- Bourgeoisie classical liberal
Factory workers- Proletariat ( radical Liberals)
71
Q

First political parties

A

Whigs supported limited monarchy

Tories supported strong monarchy

72
Q

Liberal Core beliefs

A

Man has ability to reason, dignity and can lead to progress
human reason can create perfect society
Rule of Law protects dignity of men

73
Q

Conservative Core beliefs

A

Mankind is fallen and does not improve when left to its own devices, but instead falls prey to instability, selfishness, and chaos
A perfect society can never be created here on Earth, thus it is a foolish, and even dangerous, goal
The Rule of the strong and wise is needed to lead mankind to a better future and to protect them from themselves

74
Q

Conservatives divided into 2 groups

A

traditionalists (support status quo)

reactionaries want to go back before some event

75
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

Favored changes in social and economic policies
gov’t seen as vehicle for change
focus on political minorities
Revolutions of 1848
successful revolutions
monarchies returned after 6 months except France

76
Q

Utilitarianism

A 
Jeremy Bentham/ John Stuart Mill ( on liberty)
Greatest happiness for largest pop (purpose Govt
mankind seeks pleasure to seek pain
science and tech should be used to solve society’s problems
advocated activist gov’t
“Moral Calculus”
intensity
duration certainty
Propinquity ( how soon)
Fecundity (how many more)
Purity (how free from pain)
extent (how many people)
77
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

resources and population: crisis
powerful countries have large population
tech helps resources keep pace

78
Q

Karl Marx

A

Kicked out of Germany for radical politics and went to england
“Communist Manifesto”

79
Q

Communist Manifesto

A

History of world is driven by class struggles
one class always exploits the others
middle class triumphed over upper class in 18th century
worker class will triumph over middle class with revolution
value of product is amount of labor to produce it
fair wage is value of his work
in capitalism, must sell product for more than he is paid
capitalist increases profit by increasing selling price and or reducing wages
lowest possible wage is subsistence level
surplus labor is maintained by replacing with machines

80
Q

Das Kapital

A
  1. The value of a product is the amount of labor to produce it.
  2. The fair wage for a worker is the value of his work (the value of the product).
  3. In capitalism, the owner must sell the product for more than the worker is paid (profit).
  4. The capitalist increases profits by increasing selling price or reducing wages.
  5. The lowest possible wage is the subsistence level and this is the level paid (because of a surplus of labor)
  6. Surplus labor is maintained by replacing workers with machines.
81
Q

Goals of Communism

A

Put the means of production (ownership of the factories, etc.) in the hands of the workers so they won’t be exploited by owners
All own all in common
All contribute
A temporary central government oversees this transition from a capitalist society
Eventually a utopian-like brotherhood where all needs are met is established and the government dissolves

82
Q

Marx’s Plan for Change–Dictatorship of the Proletariat

A

Abolition of private property
Redistribution of wealth
Heavily graduated income tax
Abolition of inheritance rights
Confiscation of emigrant and rebel property
Centralization of power in state hands (temporarily)
Credit controlled by the state
Communication and transportation are state owned
Control of factories
Social changes
Obligation of all to work
Free education for all children and abolition of child labor

83
Q

Marx Problems

A

ignores imagination
ignores tech improvement
attacks natural self-interest
leads to stagnation
ignores human education, experience, talents
assumes that capitalism policy will not adjust

84
Q

Socialism

A

Grew tremendously among the proletariat
Largest party in Germany (accepted Marxism and the idea of revolution)
Growth in Great Britain (did not accept Marxism or revolution)
Became the Labor Party and eventually merged with the Liberal Party
Grew rapidly in every other European country and in the United States
Usually associated with labor unions
Raised the feelings of conflict throughout Europe
Benefits of socialism adopted by capitalist societies
Free Public education/Tempers harshness of capitalism

85
Q

Scientific expeditions

A

interest in other countries

86
Q

industrial revolution

A

desire for captive markets

87
Q

Social Darwinism

A

belief that whites were superior to other races

88
Q

Motivators for empire

A

Gold
Glory
God

89
Q

Power of Empire - Slavery

A 
Britain vs Brazil
Blockage of Brazilian ports and they stopped importing slaves
Britain vs Zanzibar
Threatened destruction of capital
India
90
Q

Power of Empire - India

A

Ruled by the British East India Company

Brought into the British Empire in 1858

91
Q

Power of Empire - China

A

Reluctant trading concessions (Canton/Guangzhou)
British imported tea, silk, and porcelein but had little the Chinese wanted
Opium from India pushed into China
2 Opium wars (1839 & 1856)
Hong Kong ceded to Britain
Boxer rebellion (1899)

92
Q

Queen Victoria

A

Ruled during the empire’s peak
Prototype of a perfect mother
Devout wife
“The Better Half”

93
Q

Italy

A 
Patchwork of small states
War of 1859 started by Austrians to reassert their authority
Stopped by the French
Price: Savoy (Cannes and Nice)
Kingdom of Italy declared (northern only)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Red shirt army from Naples
Rome conquered by both armies
Moment of decision by Garibaldi 
King recognized
Vatican City given to the church
94
Q

France – Political chaos

A 
Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)
Died in 1824
Charles X (brother of Louis XVIII)
Toppled in revolution of 1830
Louis Philippe (duke of Orleans)
Toppled by revolution of 1848
Napoleon III (nephew of Napoleon I)
Overthrown after defeat in Franco-Prussian War
Third Republic
Weak governments until after WWII
Still established a colonial empire in Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific
95
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

United modern Germany under Prussian leadership
Invented concept of Real Politik
Believed that Germany should focus on Europe and not overseas colonies

96
Q

Kaiser Wilhelm II

A

Dismissed Bismarck over colonies

Germany gained some colonies in Africa and Pacific

97
Q

Washington Irving

A

Folk tales
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Rip Van Winkle

98
Q

James Fenimore Coope

A

Defining attributes of an American Hero

Last of the Mohicans

99
Q

Herman Melville

A

Moby Dick

100
Q

Henry W. Longfellow

A

song of Hiawatha

101
Q

Edgar allen Poe

A

invented mystery and horror
Dark poetry
The Raven

102
Q

Mark Twain

A

comedy and pathos
showed American spirit and frontier
Tom Sawyer
Huckleberry Finn

103
Q

Walt Whitman

A

new form of poetry

Leaves of Grass

104
Q

Transcendentalism

A 
Based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant
Began in America as a movement among Unitarians
Nature is a source of joy
Knowledge beyond the 5 senses
Intuitive truths
105
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

Defined American Transcendentalism
Nature
“All I have seen teaches me to trust the Creator for all I have not seen.”
Self Reliance

106
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

Wanted to live Emerson’s teachings
Lived by the pond for about 2 years
On Civil Disobedience

107
Q

Louisa May Alcott

A

Little Women
Alcott family part of the Transcendentalist movement
Little Women part of a growing awareness of a women and women’s issues and concerns

108
Q

Emily Dickinson

A

American poetess
Seclusion in Massachusetts
1700 poems, only 7 published during her lifetime
Theme: interaction between self and world

109
Q

Westward Settlement

A 
A major defining concept in America
Own land
Be your own boss
Before 1800
Driving force was personal improvement
Acquisition of Louisiana
Personal and national
110
Q

Ben franklin invented…

A

Bifocals
odometer
stove
electricity defined

111
Q

Robert Fulton

A 
Fulton boat
reaper
telegraph
rubber
sewing machine
oil wells
telephone
light bulb
assembly line by Ford
112
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Interchangeable parts

History of Creativity 202 (1 decks)

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