Midterm 2 Ch. 34- 43 Flashcards
Science
Seeks to understand what NATURE is like
Technology
Seeks to manipulate the world
Aristotelian Universe
Method: Deductive logic (proceed from a few basic premises, use logic to find the truth)
Motion: Rest is natural, everything seeks its natural state
Matter: Earth, Air, Fire, Water
Heaven & Earth: The heavens are different stuff from Earth – light, airy, and perfect (quintessence)
Location of planets and stars: On progressively higher crystalline spheres (stars are all on the same sphere)
Copernicus
common sense seems to contradict the solar system sun “rises” and “Sets” 1000 mph wind not all epicycles could be eliminated scriptures seem to contradict
Tycho Brahe
revised copernican model
all planets, but earth, revolve around the sun
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
orbits of planets are ellipses
Galileo Galilei
italian mathematician, astronomer “Father of Science” contributions challenged Aristotle’s scientific method acceleration rate the same linked math with science with observation (math is language of science) sunspots, moons of jupiter, rings of saturn, phases of venus church dialogue forced to recant that he was wrong house arrest
Francis Bacon
Lord chancellor of England
Father of the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Method
Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge
Idols obstruct sound reason
“Tribe”: human tendency
“Cave”: individual weakness/ like and dislikes
“Marketplace”: understanding and using language
“Theatre” : accepted philosophical systems that are flawed/ influence of major philosophers
Bacon’s Models of Doing Science
ants=gather information
spiders= build big things i.e.systems
Renee Descartes
Father of analytical geometry
spatial relationships expressed in math formulas
only doubt can lead to certainty
“i think therefore I am”
reductionism
reducing problem to smaller levels until problem can be solved
Isaac Newton
“Greatest scientist ever” principia mathematica laws of gravity and motion laws same on Earth and heaven : Determinism invented calculus
Antoine Lavoisier
father of modern chemistry
quantification
Enlightenment
Began in England–> France–> Western World
progressive, rationalistic, humanistic
rising middle class
Religion During the Englightenment
reason supersedes faith distrust of tradition and religion society can get better as science guides humankind humans are naturally good good life is on earth
Deism: “scientific religion”
God: watchmaker
Universe governed by laws established by God
God is distant
anti-clerical and skeptical on organized religion
expected ethical, enlightened behavior of all people
Thomas Paine
Thomas Hobbes
Learned science from Galileo Matter ( if no matter it doesn’t exist) why was gov’t created Wrote Leviathan monarchs sent by god to help humankind control condition
John Locke
Two treatises on Government
Tabula rasa - mind is a blank slate
gov’t is a social contract between people
didn’t believe in monarchs
made Glorious Revolution with limits
mankind was free, but constant threat to peace
mankind entered cooperation= gov’t
required that some freedom be surrendered
gov’t created by people to protect life, liberty, property and could be changed if it failed
Voltaire
lived in exile leader of French Enlightenment Moves to Prussia with Frederick II (didn’t work) rehab with French gov’t in last yr against organized religion Theodicy: ? of evil God ignores suffering God can’t stop suffering God causes suffering God doesn’t exist
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
complexity of life created a need for govt Social Contract Noble savage: instinctive goodness corrupted by civilization ( progress and complexity) foundation for French Revolution liberty, Equality, Fraternity Dominance of Legislature strict rule by majority all citizens are risk takers socialist democracy
Effects of Enlightenment on England
Civil war and establishment of a limited monarchy
anger (eventual revolution) in the colonies
Effects of the Enlightenment on France
No immediate change from absolute monarchy but discontent that will lead to revolution
Frederick II of Prussia
Founded by knights, strong military presence youth father was military man forced to attend military school interested in music ( flute) run-away experience prison friend was killed by father marriage ( no children) Military conqueror Silesia 7 yrs war numerous invasions Partition of Poland Enlightened fostered the arts composed 100 sonatas and 4 symphonies wrote anti- machiavellian book built a Rococo palace languages correspondence with Voltaire Results Failure in enlightenment
Ivan IV (the Terrible) From Russia
acquired Ukraine and SIberia
St. Basils
Cathedral ( onion domes)
Peter the Great From Russia
New “westernized” Russia made French language of Russian court encouraged European fashions Built navy New capital ( st Petersburg) war expansion better relations with Europe
Catherine II of Russia
German princess learned Russian, converted, changed name married at 16 with Peter Peter stopped wars with Prussia and military turned on him Coup d’etat Catherine supported the overthrow and he died reform built schools and hospitals more open press correspondence with thinkers initial moves ending serfdom sponsored art Peasant revolt Pugachev claimed to be peter promised serf reform Results Many cities stopped after barriers
Maria Theresa and Joseph II
empress of Austria/not allowed to be Holy Roman Emperor Joseph reforms freed serfs reduced power of Catholic church increased freedom of press equal protection under law education for males
Enlightened Rulers vs Absolute Rulers
accepted change to improve country - reluctant to change
economic reform - economic disasters
Sought advice - dictated
Rococo Art
wealthy class greek gods ornamentation “cupid”, lovers, outdoor settings pastel colors, white and gold Watteau Jean Fragonard ( the swing) Thomas Gainsborough ( mary countess Howe and Blue boy)
Classical ( neoclassical) Art
return style of ancient Greece balance, simplicity rules strictly followed Jacques Louis David ( Oath of the Horatii, napoleon's coronation) Sculpture Horatio Greenough ( washington) US capital
Joseph haydn
Father of Symphonia
Included jokes
Mozart
Before 5 composed
life of depression and creativity
marriage and figaro
40th symphony
Beethoven
Made piano popular taught by Haydn classical “Minuet” Romantic 5th symphony ode to joy caused by his deafness sadness
French and Indian War ( 7 years war)
British victory but they ended up broke
Thought colonies should help with financial burden because they were helping with protection from the French
colonies initially enjoyed freedom of taxes
proclamation of 1763
king George forbade colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mts.
Sugar Act of 1764
places a 3 cent tax on each gallon of molasses from outside the British Empire
Stamp Act of 1765
required colonists to pay for tax stamps on newspapers and legal documents
Townshend Act of 1767
on imported goods, glass. lead, paint, tea, paper
Tea Act 1773
British East India Company to sell tea below the price of smuggled tea
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts 1774
Boston’s harbor closed until tea was paid for
First Continental Congress
attended by representatives from all colonies except Georgia
wrote to King and Parliament
Decided to stop trade with Britain unless Acts were abolished
Advise colonists to prepare for war
Agreed to meet again in May 1775
Second Continenta
created continental army as response to Lexington and Concord
Again attempted reconciliation with Britt
Didn’t have authorities to declare full independence so new elections
War of Independence
Guerilla warfare Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill (cannons on hill) Home-court advantage veterans of war French support Americans were passionate
Battle of Yorktown
surrender of Cornwallis
French Blockade of British Navy
Negotiating of peace early
First Stage of French Revolution
King Louis XVI needed more tax revenue
failed attempts to increase taxes
estates general
3rd estate walked out and formed National Assembly
Every member got a vote
Formed city gov’t for Paris to control chaos
Attack on Bastille to get weapons
Versailles stormed by peasant women
Actions of National Assembly
Destruction of Privilege removing tax exemption
ratified Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen
new constitution
any landowner can vote
took over properties of nobiles
Louis attempted to flee to Austria but captured
Shift of mentality
Birth of French nationalism
Austria, England ,Prussia declared war
Second Stage of French Revolution- Reign of Terror
reforms metric system new calendar universal suffrage slavery eliminated land redistribution given to poor Guillotine King and Queen 20,000 tried and executed
Third Stage- Return of Moderates
Thermidorian reaction
Adoption of new constitution
Rule by Directory
Napoleon invited to consule
He takes over
Napoleon
Wars vs Prussia, England, Austria Battle of Toulon against British Promoted to brigadier general Whiff of Grapeshot promoted to commander and army of Italy First Consul code of Napoleon bank of France centralized state gov’t relations with Catholic church education system support of science Emperor Attempts to increase presence in America expansion Boycott of English Goods Russian defiance Defeat in Russia 690,000- 100,000 men Russia scorched earth ( no food or shelter) Elba and the 100 days emperor then escapes rules again Napoleon defeated sent to st.Helena and died Congress of Vienna return to absolutism seeking for stability
Principles of Romantic Era
Artists emphasized personal message emotion rather than reason nationalism stories nature viewed mystically Love of past vs future exoticism ( foreign culture, occult)
Characteristics of Music of Romantic Era
Folk songs for nationalism longer symphonies orchestra grew in size piano virtuosos story symbolic, story notes, well-known story Uncomplicated ( short length) Beethoven Pastoral symphony ( nature depicted) Franz schubert Lieder: song with emotional theme Frederick Chopin short pieces in small rooms to allow communication Nationalistic ( Polish) music Minuet waltz Franz Liszt child prodigy Hungarian Rhapsody 2 showman (rock and roll)
Richard Wagne
German nationalist
Opera leitmotif ( theme associated with character or action)
depicted myths and heroes
Die Walkure (ride of the Valkyries)
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky
Russian but wrote in French style
Ballet
Nutcracker, Romeo and Juliet
“The Handful”
used Russian themes
Russian Easter Overture
flight of the Bumble bee
Giuseppe Verdi
Composer
La Traviata
AIda
Rigoletto
Francisco Goya
Artist
started classical
3rd of May 1808
Saturn devouring his son
Eugene delacroix
Artist
Liberty leading the people
Death of Sardanapalus
Joseph Mallord William Turner
Artist
The fighting “Temeraire”
The slave ship
John Constable
Hay Wain
Principles of Art
Abandoned strict rules of neoclassical Conveyed personal feeling of artist Used nationalism Depicted the exotic Landscapes became important
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Raised the level of German literature
The Sorrows of Young Werther
Faust
Sir Walter Scott
Historical novels
Ivanhoe
Lady of the Lake
Leo Tolstoy
War and peace
Freed serfs
Victor Hugo
Hunchback of Notre Dame
Les Miserables
Alexandre Dumas
Count of Monte Cristo
3 Musketeers
Man in the Iron mask
William Wordsworth, Lord Byron
stories as poems, lyrical Ballads
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein
Conditions Required for an Industrial Revolution
Raw materials for goods and energy Population supply for industrial work Demand Investment capital Laissez-faire economic policies Merchant respectability Presence of innovators willing to do it Limited liability corporations
Origins of Industrial Evolution
Factors in England No civil strife Government favored trade Large, innovative middle class Island geography (trade) Mobile population Everyone lived within 20 miles of navigable river Tradition of experimental science Weak guilds Coal supply
Manufacturing Negatives
Poor working/housing conditions
Children supplied labor
Rapid urban growth outpaced city infrastructure
Luddites
Handicraftsmen replaced by machine
Organized to stop industrialization (saboteurs)
Class Consciousness
owners/ landholders- capitalism / gentry (conservatives) Non-landed middle class and white collar workers- Bourgeoisie classical liberal Factory workers- Proletariat ( radical Liberals)
First political parties
Whigs supported limited monarchy
Tories supported strong monarchy
Liberal Core beliefs
Man has ability to reason, dignity and can lead to progress
human reason can create perfect society
Rule of Law protects dignity of men
Conservative Core beliefs
Mankind is fallen and does not improve when left to its own devices, but instead falls prey to instability, selfishness, and chaos
A perfect society can never be created here on Earth, thus it is a foolish, and even dangerous, goal
The Rule of the strong and wise is needed to lead mankind to a better future and to protect them from themselves
Conservatives divided into 2 groups
traditionalists (support status quo)
reactionaries want to go back before some event
Classical Liberalism
Favored changes in social and economic policies
gov’t seen as vehicle for change
focus on political minorities
Revolutions of 1848
successful revolutions
monarchies returned after 6 months except France
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham/ John Stuart Mill ( on liberty) Greatest happiness for largest pop (purpose Govt mankind seeks pleasure to seek pain science and tech should be used to solve society’s problems advocated activist gov’t “Moral Calculus” intensity duration certainty Propinquity ( how soon) Fecundity (how many more) Purity (how free from pain) extent (how many people)
Thomas Malthus
resources and population: crisis
powerful countries have large population
tech helps resources keep pace
Karl Marx
Kicked out of Germany for radical politics and went to england
“Communist Manifesto”
Communist Manifesto
History of world is driven by class struggles
one class always exploits the others
middle class triumphed over upper class in 18th century
worker class will triumph over middle class with revolution
value of product is amount of labor to produce it
fair wage is value of his work
in capitalism, must sell product for more than he is paid
capitalist increases profit by increasing selling price and or reducing wages
lowest possible wage is subsistence level
surplus labor is maintained by replacing with machines
Das Kapital
- The value of a product is the amount of labor to produce it.
- The fair wage for a worker is the value of his work (the value of the product).
- In capitalism, the owner must sell the product for more than the worker is paid (profit).
- The capitalist increases profits by increasing selling price or reducing wages.
- The lowest possible wage is the subsistence level and this is the level paid (because of a surplus of labor)
- Surplus labor is maintained by replacing workers with machines.
Goals of Communism
Put the means of production (ownership of the factories, etc.) in the hands of the workers so they won’t be exploited by owners
All own all in common
All contribute
A temporary central government oversees this transition from a capitalist society
Eventually a utopian-like brotherhood where all needs are met is established and the government dissolves
Marx’s Plan for Change–Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Abolition of private property
Redistribution of wealth
Heavily graduated income tax
Abolition of inheritance rights
Confiscation of emigrant and rebel property
Centralization of power in state hands (temporarily)
Credit controlled by the state
Communication and transportation are state owned
Control of factories
Social changes
Obligation of all to work
Free education for all children and abolition of child labor
Marx Problems
ignores imagination
ignores tech improvement
attacks natural self-interest
leads to stagnation
ignores human education, experience, talents
assumes that capitalism policy will not adjust
Socialism
Grew tremendously among the proletariat
Largest party in Germany (accepted Marxism and the idea of revolution)
Growth in Great Britain (did not accept Marxism or revolution)
Became the Labor Party and eventually merged with the Liberal Party
Grew rapidly in every other European country and in the United States
Usually associated with labor unions
Raised the feelings of conflict throughout Europe
Benefits of socialism adopted by capitalist societies
Free Public education/Tempers harshness of capitalism
Scientific expeditions
interest in other countries
industrial revolution
desire for captive markets
Social Darwinism
belief that whites were superior to other races
Motivators for empire
Gold
Glory
God
Power of Empire - Slavery
Britain vs Brazil Blockage of Brazilian ports and they stopped importing slaves Britain vs Zanzibar Threatened destruction of capital India
Power of Empire - India
Ruled by the British East India Company
Brought into the British Empire in 1858
Power of Empire - China
Reluctant trading concessions (Canton/Guangzhou)
British imported tea, silk, and porcelein but had little the Chinese wanted
Opium from India pushed into China
2 Opium wars (1839 & 1856)
Hong Kong ceded to Britain
Boxer rebellion (1899)
Queen Victoria
Ruled during the empire’s peak
Prototype of a perfect mother
Devout wife
“The Better Half”
Italy
Patchwork of small states War of 1859 started by Austrians to reassert their authority Stopped by the French Price: Savoy (Cannes and Nice) Kingdom of Italy declared (northern only) Giuseppe Garibaldi Red shirt army from Naples Rome conquered by both armies Moment of decision by Garibaldi King recognized Vatican City given to the church
France – Political chaos
Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) Died in 1824 Charles X (brother of Louis XVIII) Toppled in revolution of 1830 Louis Philippe (duke of Orleans) Toppled by revolution of 1848 Napoleon III (nephew of Napoleon I) Overthrown after defeat in Franco-Prussian War Third Republic Weak governments until after WWII Still established a colonial empire in Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific
Otto von Bismarck
United modern Germany under Prussian leadership
Invented concept of Real Politik
Believed that Germany should focus on Europe and not overseas colonies
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Dismissed Bismarck over colonies
Germany gained some colonies in Africa and Pacific
Washington Irving
Folk tales
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Rip Van Winkle
James Fenimore Coope
Defining attributes of an American Hero
Last of the Mohicans
Herman Melville
Moby Dick
Henry W. Longfellow
song of Hiawatha
Edgar allen Poe
invented mystery and horror
Dark poetry
The Raven
Mark Twain
comedy and pathos
showed American spirit and frontier
Tom Sawyer
Huckleberry Finn
Walt Whitman
new form of poetry
Leaves of Grass
Transcendentalism
Based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant Began in America as a movement among Unitarians Nature is a source of joy Knowledge beyond the 5 senses Intuitive truths
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Defined American Transcendentalism
Nature
“All I have seen teaches me to trust the Creator for all I have not seen.”
Self Reliance
Henry David Thoreau
Wanted to live Emerson’s teachings
Lived by the pond for about 2 years
On Civil Disobedience
Louisa May Alcott
Little Women
Alcott family part of the Transcendentalist movement
Little Women part of a growing awareness of a women and women’s issues and concerns
Emily Dickinson
American poetess
Seclusion in Massachusetts
1700 poems, only 7 published during her lifetime
Theme: interaction between self and world
Westward Settlement
A major defining concept in America Own land Be your own boss Before 1800 Driving force was personal improvement Acquisition of Louisiana Personal and national
Ben franklin invented…
Bifocals
odometer
stove
electricity defined
Robert Fulton
Fulton boat reaper telegraph rubber sewing machine oil wells telephone light bulb assembly line by Ford
Eli Whitney
Interchangeable parts
