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PSYC 212 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptation?

A

looking at a pattern of stripes for a certain time will ‘tire’ the neurons and shift the balance in the opposite direction when another orientation is shown

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2
Q

What is a hypercolumn?

A

A 1-mn block of striate cortex containing all the machinery necessary to look after everything the visual cortex is responsible for

  • Each hypercolumn contains cells responding to every possible orientation (0-180 degrees), with one set preferring input from the left eye and one set preferring input from the right eye
  • Allows you to perceive lines of different orientations
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3
Q

What is the extrastriate cortex?

A
  • Area beyond V1

- brain regions bordering primary visual cortex that contains other areas involved in visual processing

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4
Q

What do neurons in V4 respond to?

A

concave, convex, or straight edges

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5
Q

What is the “Where” pathway is concerned with?

A

the locations and shapes of objects but not their names or functions

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6
Q

What is the “What” pathway concerned with?

A

the names and functions of objects regardless of location

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7
Q

What is a visual agnosia?

A

failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them

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8
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Failure of PERCEPTION despite normal vision

  • The basic elements of the object are seen but cannot be integrated into a stable percept
  • Lesion closer to V1
  • Cannot copy
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9
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

There is a perceptual representation of the object, but the patient doesn’t know what the object is

  • Lesion further away from V1
  • Can copy, but cannot identify
  • Can recognize object if presented in another modality
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10
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

an inability to recognize the identity of faces

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11
Q

What. are grandmother cells?

A

cells that are very specific to one type of object, like the face of your grandmother

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12
Q

What are receptive fields of IT neurons?

A
  • Very large – some cover half the visual field
  • Don’t respond well to spots or lines
  • Do respond well to stimuli such as hands, faces, or objects
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13
Q

What is figure-ground assignment?

A

the process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object (figure) and other regions are part of the background (ground)

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14
Q

What is the face inversion effect?

A

We are better at recognizing faces that are upright

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15
Q

What is the global superiority effect?

A

the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the object

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16
Q

What is the naïve template theory?

A

the proposal that the visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a stored representation of the same “shape” in the brain

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17
Q

What is the inferotemporal (IT) cortex?

A

Part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object recognition

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18
Q

What is a feed-forward process?

A

a process that carries out a computation (object recognition) one neural step after another, without the need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage

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19
Q

What is population coding?

A

distributed activity across hundreds and thousands of neurons

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20
Q

What is a qualia?

A

entirely subjective property of an object (ex: the redness of red)

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21
Q

What is color-anomalous?

A

a term for what is usually called “color blindness” – most color-blind individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength

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22
Q

What is trichromacy?

A

the theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of 3 numbers, the outputs of 3 receptor types now known to be the 3 cones

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23
Q

What are metameters?

A

Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical; more generally, any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences
- Generally, we don’t see “pure” wavelengths, but rather mixtures of wavelengths

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24
Q

What is additive colour mixing?

A

a mixture of lights (center of diagram is white)

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25
Q

What is subtractive colour mixing?

A

a mixture of pigments (center of diagram is black)

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26
Q

What are non-spectral hues?

A

hues that can arise only from mixtures of wavelengths (ex: there is no purple in the spectrum), it has to come from a particular combination of activity across S, M and L cones

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27
Q

What is opponent colour theory?

A

the theory that perception of color depends on the output of 3 mechanisms, each of them based on an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

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28
Q

What is a unique hue?

A

any of four colors that can be described with only a single-color term: red, yellow, green, blue

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29
Q

What is an afterimage?

A

A visual image seen after a stimulus has been removed

- Caused by habituation (chromatic adaptation) of activated cones

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30
Q

What is a negative afterimage?

A

an afterimage whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus

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31
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants

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32
Q

What is the principle of univariance?

A

An infinite set of different wavelength combinations can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

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33
Q

What is habituation (chromatic adaptation)?

A

the cones activated by the illuminant spectrum get tired

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34
Q

What is Euclidian geometry?

A

The 3 dimensional world

• Images projected onto the retina are non-Euclidean

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35
Q

What is the difference between metrical and non-metrical cues?

A

Metrical: cue that provides information about distance

Non-metrical: cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude

36
Q

What is the difference between relative and familiar size?

A

Relative: a comparison of size between items without knowing the absolute size of either on
Familiar: a comparison of size between items when knowing the absolute size of one of the items

37
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

a depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller, closer spaced images the farther away they get

38
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

images closer to the observer move faster across the visual field than images farther away

39
Q

What is convergence?

A

the ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used to focus on near objects

40
Q

What is divergence?

A

the ability of the two eyes to turn outward, often used to focus on farther objects

41
Q

What is binocular summation?

A

the combination (or summation) of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better with both eyes than with either eye alone

42
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene
- basis for stereopsis

43
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

a vivid perception of the 3-dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision

44
Q

What is corresponding retinal points?

A

a geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye

45
Q

What is the Vieth-Müller circle (horopter)?

A

The location of objects whose images lie on the corresponding points – the surface of zero disparity

  • Objects on the horopter are seen as single images when viewed with both eyes
  • Objects significantly closer to or farther away from the horopter fall on non-corresponding points in the two eyes and are seen as two images
46
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision – if visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum’s fusional area will appear diplopic

47
Q

What. is Panum’s fusional area?

A

the region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible

48
Q

What is crossed disparity?

A

the sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane of the horopter

49
Q

What is uncrossed disparity?

A

the sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of the horopter

50
Q

What is a stereoscope?

A

a device for presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye

51
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

in binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye

52
Q

What is the random dot stereogram (RDS)?

A

A stereogram made of a large number of randomly placed dots

- RDSs contain no monocular cues to depth

53
Q

What is cyclopean?

A

referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone

54
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

the competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes

55
Q

What is apparent motion?

A

the illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession

56
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

A rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion

  • Can be caused by lesion of areas MT/MST
  • Can just see a succession of still images
57
Q

What is the aperture problem?

A

the fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of an object may be ambiguous

58
Q

What is aftereffect (MAE)?

A

The illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object
- Existence of MAE implies an opponent process system, like that of color vision

59
Q

What is vergence?

A

a type of eye movement, both voluntary and involuntary, in which the two eyes move in opposite directions
- ex: convergent and divergent

60
Q

What are reflexive eye movements?

A

Automatic and involuntary movements

- Ex: when the eyes move to compensate for head and body movement while maintaining fixation on a particular target

61
Q

What is a microsaccade?

A

An involuntary small jerk-like movement

- improves visibility of sharp details

62
Q

What is the superior colliculus?

A

a structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements

63
Q

What is the frontal eye field?

A

A structure in the frontal lobe that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements
- Different neurons in the FEF will move the eye to different spots in space

64
Q

What is saccadic supression?

A

The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements

  • Eliminates the smear from retinal image motion during an eye movement
  • Ex: move your eye voluntarily vs by pushing it with your finger (close the other eye)
65
Q

What is the comparator?

A

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move (the other copy goes to the eye muscles)
- The comparator can compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement

66
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

a failure to notice – or at least report – a stimulus that would easily be reportable if it were attended to

67
Q

What is change blindness?

A

the failure to notice a change between two scenes

68
Q

What is overt?

A

directing a sense organ toward a stimulus, like turning your eyes or your head

69
Q

What is covert?

A

Attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so

- Paying attention without directly looking at it

70
Q

What is feature integration theory?

A

Treisman’s theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention

71
Q

What is a cue?

A

A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be
- Cues can be valid (correct info), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative)

72
Q

What is stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)?

A

the time difference between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another

73
Q

What is Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)?

A

an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about 8 per second)

74
Q

What is attentional blink?

A

the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli

75
Q

What is a feature search?

A

search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as salient color or orientation

76
Q

What is a conjunction search?

A

Search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes
- The efficiency of visual search is the average increase in RT for each item added to the display

77
Q

What is serial self-terminating search?

A

A search from item to item, ending when a target is found

78
Q

What is a guided search?

A

attention is restricted to a subset of possible items based on information about the item’s basic features (ex: color or shape)

79
Q

What is scene-based guidance?

A

information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes

80
Q

What is the non-selective pathway?

A

Contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the ‘gist’ of the scene
- This pathway does not pass through the bottleneck of attention

81
Q

What is the selective pathway?

A

Permits the recognition of one or very few objects at a time

- This pathway passes through the bottleneck of selective attention

82
Q

What is a visual-field deficit?

A

a portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system (occipital lobe)

83
Q

What is neglect?

A

damage to the parietal lobe can cause a visual field defect such that one side of the world is not attended to

84
Q

What is extinction?

A

in visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation (ex: to the right) in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field (ex: on the left side)

85
Q

What is the preattentive stage?

A

the processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

PSYC 212 (3 decks)

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