Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is media?
Any form of communication that targets a mass audience in print or electronic format
List and define the 4 functions of media in society.
Surveillance: ways that information is collected and distributed in society; how we know what is happening around the world
Correlation: ways that information about our world is interpreted and prescriptions for behaviour in response to events - we have a certain way to react or respond
Transmission: communication of information, norms, values from generation to generation - history minutes or books for example
Entertainment: communication intended to amuse or relax - everything from books to videos and the internet etc.
Who is responsible for defining the functions of media in society in regards to deviance?
Charles Wright; functionalist that provides a viewpoint on how media affects deviance
How can the impact of media in society be defined in regards to crime rates?
the media is responsible for discrepancy between dropping rates of crime and the perception that youth crime is out of control
What is differential reporting?
When some topics are being covered in the media, and others are not. For example, street crimes, violent crimes, and crimes committed by strangers are often more reported than corporate crimes, property crimes, and crimes committed by those known to the victim, which are all more common.
What is the dramatization of crime?
media is in business and therefore needs to be made dramatic to draw viewers
What are the 3 ways that crime is dramatized?
Language, atypical cases, brief and horrific headlines
what is meant by the incompleteness of reporting?
public is made unaware of how courts work and reasons for sentences for example. This may cause the public to be less sympathetic for the offender, or cause Canadians to become angry at the system and demand change.
How does media desensitize violence?
through music videos and movies for example.
What are the effects of increased exposure and violence?
The more exposure to violence in media and real life, the more tolerant people become.
What are the emotional and physiological effects of becoming tolerant to violence?
lower levels of anxiety, lower heart rates and blood pressure respectively
What did Moynihan say in regards to the normalization of deviance?
Deviant behaviour is so common that we are not even recognizing it as such anymore - we are subscribing to a new idea at the time called the broken windows theory .
Ex. the newspaper title “Edmontons first murder of the year” only is normal if violent crime is normalized in Edmonton
What is the broken windows theory?
crime occurs whenever/wherever social controls are not strong. This theory argues that communities that are run down invite crime, through the assumption that since they are already run down, individuals will get away with it
What is a moral panic?
an exaggerated and sensationalized concern over a particular phenomenon
List the 5 items that characterize a moral panic and define them in regards to the Salem Witch Trials.
- heightened concern: seizures were happening, perhaps by cases of epilepsy, but since there was no scientific understanding, this set off panic.
- Hostitility towards the offending group: inequality of women before the onset of deviance, but now women seen as bringing evil
- A certain level of consensus that there is a real threat: deeply religious community, so there is already a spiritual aspect. This jump of evil spirits was just a small step beyond what was already believed.
- disproportionality: belief that people became hysterical due to fear and anxiety
- volatility: the potential for things to become very serious very quickly - oppressive leaders in the Church increased tensions and fights for power.
How did the media play a role in creating a moral panic in the 1600s?
Newspapers, books, and pamphlets wrote about the Salem Witch Trials and spread the news this way.
Who is associated with the term folk devil?
Stanley Cohen
What is a folk devil?
those who possess characteristics that make them a suitable screen upon which society can project sentiments of guilt and ambivalence upon; ie. scapegoating
What is an example of a folk devil?
homosexual men during the AIDS crisis in the 1980s; blamed for this crisis, as same sex relations was stigmatized.
What role did the media play in the Mods and Rockers in 1964?
created a moral panic about the young urban male youth.
How did the Mods and Rockers scenario show the different items that characterize a moral panic?
Increased concern: through the medias portrayal of the minor riots, it showed that British youth were out of control
Manufactured hostility toward offending groups: media manufactured gang image, even though there was no gang affiliation
Increased consensus over the threat: all newspapers framed the story the same, and convinced everyone else that they were out of control
Disproportionality: exaggeration tactics
volatility: gang fighting image; threat that the marginalized youth posed
What were the Mods and Rockers?
2 young male groups: the Mods: punk rock; and the rockers: leather jacket rockers
there were no gang affiliations or violent activity, and members were part of the working class.
Upset when they arrived and the coffee shops were closed.
What is the Kerner Commission?
A report that was released in 1968, after seven months of investigation from riots in the USA. It blamed lack of economic opportunity, failed social service programs, police brutality, racism, and the white-oriented media for the causing the riots.
Why were the riots painted a race riot?
Most blamed the riots on African American young men, due to “black unrest”
What was a critical aspect of the media coverage during the riots in the 60s?
the Kerner Commission blamed white racism rather than black anger, but the public was hoping that communists would maybe be the blame
What three items did the media fail to do during the Kerner Commissions report?
Failed to accurately reflect the scale and character of the riots
failed to adequately report on the underlying problems of race relations
the post riot reviews were lacking
How did the media fail to accurately reflect the scale and character of the riots via the Kerner Commission report?
the riots were less destructive, less widespread and less of a black - white confrontation than the media portrayed.
Media used scare headlines, staged riot events, quoted unexperienced officials the estimates of damage, portrayed them as race riots, and stacked stories to cause a cumulative affect
How did the media fail to adequately report on the underlying problems of race relations via the Kerner Commission report?
The media reported and wrote from the standpoint of a white mans world - the impacts of the ghetto were ignored.
reporters arrived to scene post riot, which tended to emphasize police response and the narration of events rather then those who were actually involved (left to do a social autopsy and interpret what happened leading to an absence of voice)
Police agents were overwhelmingly white, and those who were bystanders and who experienced property damage were also predominantly white. African American males were also mostly predominantly seen acting violently
How was the media lacking regarding post riot interviews via the Kerner Commissions?
post riot interviews emphasized and there was a lack of voice from the African American population; the underlying causes were not analyzed
When African Americans were interviewed about the riots, what were the findings?
white bias in media, police and media biases as well - there was failure to report false arrests, and how many residents helped the police was not reported
journalists told the story from a white mans perspective
some reported that they were pressured to loot and riot to put on a show for the media
What is important to remember in regards to critical approaches to the media?
It is important to look at who they ignore vs who they voice and that there is significant power in the media
What are the two critical approaches to the study of media and society?
framing and power
what four groups in society does the media frame?
individuals, health issues, social issues, social groups
How can we think about framing in the media?
Like a picture frame - the media focusses on one thing, and ignores the others
List the 3 types of framing and define them.
- Conflict frame: sets 2 groups in conflict
- human interest frame: biographical frame; where the media angles things towards a shared/common experience
- economic consequences frame: the Kerner Commission for example; the media chose to run a piece where there are economic impacts from the riot
List the 4 implications of social group framing and define them.
- Where a social group is not represented: there is an internalized meaning, and is usually experienced as oppressive and unfair
- Where a social issue is associated with a specific social group: demonstration on poverty injustices; ex. the media framing the riots as race riots instead of poverty riots
- Where media presents a singular image: internalized meaning - Internalizing the label of criminal hooligans on African Americans for example.
- Framing impacts social policy: having more law and order or social control instead of programs to address poverty and racism; could have framed the riots balanced, but instead focussed on social control instead
What is the Marxist approach in regards to media ownership?
that there is power in the media. This power is brought by the relationship between those who own production and those who do not
In regards to the marxist approach to media, what three things does ownership do?
ownership of the means of production = power
ownership influences content
ownership becomes increasingly concentrated = corporate empires control the message (due to fewer people owning the media)
List the 3 trends in media ownership and define them.
Convergence: independent companies own multiple forms of media; ex. one company owns TV, radio and newspapers
Conglomeration: companies merge or buy out others, creating larger companies; ex. Bell owning both media and sports teams
Concentration: a small number of companies control most media products
What 3 things do administrative approaches focus on?
structural functionalist; focus on determining what types of messages will result in certain outcomes in individuals
focus on cause/effect relationships (what causes someone to act deviant)
sometimes focussed on determining what is needed to change people’s behaviours (what is the best promotion campaign? for example)
What is the deviance dance?
the interactions, negotiations and debates among groups with different perceptions of whether a behaviour or characteristics is deviant and needs to be socially controlled and, if so, how. The idea of the back and forth of a certain topic.
How is media used as a tool in the deviance dance?
media is a tool for deviant acts - ex. cybercrimes
media is a tool to exert social control - ex. catching digital pirates
media is a site for claims making and counter claims making - ex. Wikileaks or the example of abortion: children are born into unwanted homes so abortion is okay, and then there is the other side
Who is Talcott Parsons and what does he believe?
Structural functionalist regarding sexuality and deviance; believes that the family provides a number of functions for society
What functions do the family provide for society?
care for children (providing basic necessities), socialization of children (education, and encourage them to grow into law abiding citizen) , social cohesion which leads to social stability (trust that extends outwards for example)
What do structural functionalists believe in regards to sexuality and deviance?
that sexual activity that is limited to marital relationships is most functional for society, and that sexual deviance are those who do not conform to societal norms and therefore threaten social stability (for example, deviance would be considered those who refuse to marry or have children)
What do structural functionalists fail to account for regarding sexuality and deviance?
those who don’t conform to society; meaning those who do not want kids or are single/ cannot have kids
How has history regarding sexuality and deviance changed over time?
who was considered sexually deviant has shifted over time - for example, homosexuality used to be seen as a sin in the past, and now it has changed to be more normalized
how has culture shifted in regards to sexuality and deviance?
formal and informal social control differences across cultures - for example, homosexuality is considered a crime in some cultures still today, or polygamous relationships are common in cultures
How has sex shifted in regards to sexuality and deviance?
impact of cultural changes; pornography or birth control for example - have become more culturally accepted and accessible then in the past; marrying your cousin or age of consent as well
What is the social gospel movement?
led by middle class protestant women who felt the need to cleanse the community, and only this way can individuals then find God (focussed on alcohol consumption among other social issues as well)
Why was prostitution considered a moral problem?
seen as sinful and criminal
why was prostitution seen as sinful?
because it drives men away from their wives, women are using their bodies for other purposes then to serve God (sex not to have children)
why was prostitution seen as criminal?
1892 Criminal Code: Offenses against morality
concerned with the quality of the Canadian race, due to the outcomes produced by unsafe sex (incest, sodomy, corruption of children, etc)
How did prostitution move from a moral problem to a public health problem?
The focus shifted away from eradicating prostitution but to eradicate the secondary effects (such as STIs) - harm reduction for example
How did the Gold Rush contribute to the topic of prostitution?
Moving toward tolerance of the sex trade; saw it as a necessary evil; for every woman there was approximately 200 men - acknowledging gender imbalance in Yukon; this was a practical solution for mens natural lust (if men can’t control their urges, it did not victimize women)
What was introduced in Dawson city in regards to prostitution that promoted public health?
prostitutes had to be tested monthly for syphillis; this shifted the focus away from the act and more on the public health
How did prostitution become a process of victimization?
Instead of criminalizing them, it became a matter of having sympathy for prostitutes.
Why should prostitution be victimized?
it is linked to human trafficking, most sex workers were victims of abuse in childhood, most experience violence in their work, many are marginalized and experience lower health care access, age of trade is as young as 13
Why do many sex trade workers avoid health care?
they worry that they will be reported or will not be treated normally due to stigma and lack of trust
Why is criminalizing prostitution dangerous?
Most work occurs in dark places late at night, which increases the risk of abuse to vulnerable populations
When anti prostitution laws were challenged, which 3 points were determined to be invalid?
the keeping of a common bawdy house (brothel)
giving on the avails of prostitution (pimps)
soliciting on the street
What was Bill C-36?
it treats prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation.
it protects those who sell their own sexual services, protects communities and children from the harms caused by prostitution, and reduces the demand for prostitution and its incidence
What is coyote advocacy?
“call off your old tired ethics” - called for sex trade workers to out politicians
What were the 3 points regarding coyote advocacy?
- repeal of all existing prostitution laws
- the reconstitution of prostitution as a credible service occupation (states that women should be able to sell her sexual services just as much as she sells her brain services)
- the protection of prostitutes rights as legitimate workers (patriarchal outlook - things for men to buy and have sex whenever they want)
What are the four stages of the deviance dance regarding prostitution?
morality, public health, victimization, worker rights
Is the deviance dance a linear process?
no, they are all still happening and are ongoing
What is a flapper?
the modern girl of the 1920s; independent, young, urban women, wear revealing clothes, makeup and have short hair, danced, drank alcohol, smoked, were sexually active, shopped for pleasure
How was the flapper percieved?
presented as a female model to gaze upon, which changed the advertisement culture
How did the image of the flapper contribute to the moral panic?
the film “the flapper” was aired, and months later actor Olive Thomas died from an accidental overdose. This led to the contribution of the image of the flapper that was connected to all the dangers. This was the first Hollywood death to be sensationalized
What other factors contributed to the moral panic image regarding flappers?
without corsets, the body would fall apart and be damaged
fear of sunburn with exposed skin
What was found in Nickle’s research regarding flappers?
that there was a strong promotion of beauty for women in the 1920s which caused you to gaze upon a woman in advertisements. There was then a worry about these women not reproducing as they were formally meant to.
How was the flapper portrayed as a folk devil?
society projected social anxieties about sociopolitical change onto flappers/women’s bodies
List the sorts of anxieties experienced during the flapper moral panic and describe them.
immigration: people coming from places that were not anglospeaking
urbanization: young girls moving to the cities
morality: films being released that were concerning, as there was worry women would fall in love with actors and commit immoral acts
drugs: street level drugs and prostitution, alcohol consumption also increased as rates of anxiety increased
women’s emancipation: fight for women rights to vote in the 1920s
What are the three steps of the social typing process?
description, evaluation, prescription
Describe flappers using the social typing process.
Description: flapper
Evaluation: floozy, dumb, scatterbrain, phony
prescription: women were living in sin (Catholic Church), demand that stores quit selling dresses and distributing catalogues that was promoting the image of the flapper
What was the subjectivist position focussed on in regard to regulation of sexuality?
on issues related to power and regulation - who decides and regulates the rules of what is deviant and normal. deviance is a result of a violation of the dominant moral codes, which are determined by those who have power
What were critical researchers focussed on regarding sexuality?
the governance and regulation of sexual behaviour, and the deviance associated with this
what is considered the defining feature of normal sexuality in Canada today?
consent, which makes deviant sex = sex without consent
What is the age of consent in Canada?
16, but a 14 year old can consent to sexual activity if the partner is less than 5 years older
How did religious groups govern elite discourse in regards to homosexuality?
resistance to same sex marriage, saw it as a sin. Had influence on delaying same sex marriage laws
How did doctors govern elite discourse regarding homosexuality?
saw homosexuality as a disease and treated it as a mental disorder
how did educators govern elite discourse regarding homosexuality?
gay and lesbian studies introduced in the 1980s; the resistance to teaching same sex relationships and gender expression
how did the state govern elite discourse regarding homosexuality?
sodomy laws (anal sex was illegal); had significant power to determine rules
Who was Kathleen Wynne and what did she aim to do?
Liberal premier of Ontario; wanted to modernize sex ed curriculums. Grade 5: gender expression grade 6: masturbation grade 7: sexting grade 8: same sex relationships
Why was Kathleen Wynne seen as deviant?
individuals saw her decision about sex ed curricula as liberalizing rather than modernizing, and she was an out lesbian.
What is structural marxism and how is it related to sexual deviance?
societal rules protect capitalism; concerns over the decreasing quality of the Canadian race, and concerns over individual bodies not serving the social body
what is instrumental marxism and how is it related to sexual deviance?
societal rules protect capitalists; seeking market access/expansion - desire for legislation of sexual deviance (pornography for example)
Who is connected to the term power reflexive theories?
Michel Foucault
what is the power reflexive theory in regards to sexuality?
socially constructed knowledge and regulation concerning hetero/homosexuality impacts the experience of being gay/queer - these determine a persons master status
Why are there often higher rates of suicide and depression among LGBTQ community members?
if they are pretending to be someone they are not by the pressured labels of society, there are grave effects caused by mental health and self image issues
How does the concept of the heterosexuality standard effect an individual?
self surveillance - constantly surveying if there is anything that portrays a label of being homosexual - impacts how you see yourself and others
How is knowledge socially constructed regarding gender and sexuality?
there was a move from viewing homosexuality as being illegal, to a mental illness to being normalized
List the 5 points of criteria for determining sexual deviance and describe them.
consent
nature of sexual partner: can’t have sex with a child or an animal
nature of sexual act: different positions, toys etc., there are also different kinks, porn etc.
location of sexual act: where is it appropriate to engage in sexual behaviour? where is it not?
frequency of sexual act: having too much/too little sex? medicalization of sex? etc.
What was Laud Humphreys research called and what was it about?
Tearoom Trade; euphamism for the research done on the restrooms where homosexual men go to have sex
What were Humphreys findings regarding why homosexual men use restrooms?
they were accessible/conveniently located off the main roads
the area is well-known for its purpose
was not visible to the public eye
stalls inside restrooms offered privacy
How did Humphreys earn the respect of these men?
became a watch queen, meaning that he would keep watch for people or police coming into the restrooms as this was illegal at the time
What were Humphreys findings during the interviews?
Less than 10% of the men were homosexual - most had children and were married
Why did these men in the tea rooms partake in sexual activities?
Quick sex with no emotions, very readily available, was almost always consenting sex, satisfied desires that were not satisfied in their relationships, variety of men were available
What were some of the ethical criticisms of the Tea Room study?
- there was not informed consent obtained
- located men by running their licence plate numbers to get their addresses for follow up interviews
- asked his own questions while acting as a “health survey” agent
How did Humphreys put these men at great risk through his research?
sodomy was a crime at the time, so if their acts were discovered, jail time was possible
most of the men studied were married, so if their acts were discovered they could face divorce/family breakdown
Define troubling youth and give an example.
Primarily at risk to others and society; gangs or crime engagement for example.
define troubled youth and give an example.
primarily a risk to themselves; a more sympathetic approach; substance abuse or a victim of substance abuse for example.
Can troubled youth lead to troubling youth? If so, how?
Yes, if there are inadequate supports to help troubled youth.
What is a punishable young offender?
young offenders coined as troublesome, and in need of punishment in order to make them responsible for their actions.
what is a reformable young offender?
seeing young offenders as troubled, and therefore in need of intervention, therapy, medication etc., so that they may be rehabilitated
What is the relationship between crime and age in Canada?
negative correlation; like a ski slope - criminal age peaks around 16-21, and rapidly declines after that
What are the most common crimes committed by youth?
theft under $5000, mischief, level 1 assault (no evidence of physical harm)
Is the rate and severity of youth crime increasing or decreasing?
Decreasing
How is youth crime perceived in Canada?
that youth are out of control, the crime rates are increasing, and that the crimes are more violent
How can the discrepancy of perception vs reality of youth crime in Canada be explained?
effects of the media creating a moral panic
What is the Juvenile Delinquents Act?
the first act in an evolving youth justice system; had jurisdiction over kids 7-15, and was based upon parens patriae (the state has the right to assume the role of a parent); sympathetic
What does parens patriae mean?
State has a duty to assume the role of a parent in the case of a delinquent or dependent children with no parents
Under the JDA, what could the court choose to do?
impose fines, remove child from the home and place in foster homes or industrial schools, or impose probationary sentences which required the individual to be monitored by probation officers in the community
What is the Youth Offenders Act?
the second act in an evolving youth justice system; addressed the short comings of the first act; this act put responsibility on the youth to take ownership for their actions; more punitive punishments; focussed on protecting society from the delinquent youth
Why was the YOA introduced?
Saw the YDA as too soft, too expensive and children were not being supervised adequately by probation officers because of being stretched too thin
What is the Youth Criminal Justice Act?
The third act in an evolving youth justice system; addressed the shortcomings of the second act; focussed on the reintegration of young people into society; allows for two pathways for minor and major crime punishments
Why was the YCJA introduced?
The YOA was too conflicting in its principles, increased incarceration of young people, and did not have a focus on reintegrating youth into society
How does the YCJA treat less serious or first time offences?
Treated more leniently; community service, letter of apology, referrals to specialized programs for counselling, treatment, or education etc.
How does the YCJA treat more serious offences?
more harsh punishments; potential for youth to be sentenced as an adult (life sentence - 25 years without probation)
What are some of the more serious offences categorized in the YCJA?
murder, manslaughter, aggravated sexual assault, attempted murder, or violent offence where the youth was convicted twice before
What is the maximum sentence for youth under the YCJA?
10 years; 6 in prison, 4 on probation
What is cyberdeviance?
deviant acts that are committed using computer technology
What are the various forms of cyberdeviance?
credit card fraud, identity theft, computer hacking, selling hacking tools, cyberbullying, illegally downloading music or software, using someone else’s wifi, accessing computer files without permission, and guessing someones password
who are cyber hackers?
people who access computer systems without authorization and sometimes use this information for malicious purposes
Identify and describe the 5 orders that characterize hacker culture.
- technology: express a deep understanding and manipulating technology - seen from a young age
- knowledge: on the pursuit of knowledge and label themselves as such
- Commitment: individuals must be dedicated and have persistence
- Categorization: subculture is characterized by what designs the authentic hacker, and there are different points where an individual considers the identity of a hacker as their own
- Law: debates about the legality of hacking, as well as what is considered acceptable or unacceptable
what is cyberterrorism/cyberespionage?
using computer viruses or malware to attack businesses or societal infrastructure. Sometimes can be state sponsored.
What is an example of state sponsored cyberterrorism?
The Sony Pictures hack in 2014, and North Korea being responsible - some stolen data was released, including SIN numbers, confidential emails, and unfinished movie scripts
In the Katz reading, why were Black men overrepresented as robbers in the South Bronx?
the idea of the hardman was appealing to individuals, and they wanted to copy this
what is a hardman?
a criminal who found glory and fame in crime
How was the South Bronx transformed from the 1800s to WWII?
Area was peaceful until the 1900s when it became a higher class city. WWII came and a lot of the white population fled and poorer Peurto Ricans came and settled down. Minorities were entrapped by the demolition of roads, and caused jewish people to leave, which forced poorer black and Puerto Rican individuals into the South Bronx. The economy collapsed as well, and city funding was used to try and revitalize the area, nut failed and minorities were blamed.
Why did the Bronx slide downhill after the war?
loss of jobs, economy crashing, factories shutting down, drug trade and addictions, and poorer populations were forced into geographical isolation
Who were the los tecatos?
those who were addicted to drugs, specifically heroin
who were the las gangas?
gang members
What caused the Feugo period in the south bronx in the 1970s?
Landlords were losing money due to the lack of tenants, so they stopped maintaining their buildings, gaining the label slumlords. The law tried to force the slumlords to maintain their buildings, but it led to them to deteriorate faster and became grounds for los tecatos and children. The landlords then started burning their buildings to collect the insurance money - but the insurance became very high, which inflated the value of the buildings
What were the resilience signs that Contreras identified among the people living in the South Bronx in the 1970s?
Music innovation and storytelling of the ghetto experience in rap, boogie, and breakdancing increased
residents also began to use force, damage and protests to pressure the government to get things resolved
why did people stop using cocaine in the early 1900s?
they realized it was bad and were afraid of becoming addicted and being affected by the cocaine craze.
What were the changes that occurred that led to the establishment of cocaine becoming a multi million dollar industry?
The government stopped producing amphetamines and sedatives legally and the USA supported Pan American Highways, which gave means to transport coke.
How was the cocaine industry aided by misguided US anti drug strategies?
Parents in the USA believed that marijuana was more dangerous then it really was, which forced the government to act on it. The focus shifted to stopping marijuana usage instead of getting rid of the cocaine problem, so no one was patrolling the import of cocaine which allowed its profits to skyrocket.
What led to crack cocaine becoming the worst drug epidemic in USA history?
zero tolerance approach destroyed the line of defence against cocaine and paved the way for major drug use. It was also cheap and easily accessible; those addicted to cocaine were jailed, and were mostly minorities due to racism and fear mongering.
How did crack cocaine come about?
its original form was basuco, which was a coco paste in cigarettes laced with marijuana or tobacco. This was then purified and smoked in a glass pipe, which the purifying made it extremely addictive.
After ether was denied and freebasing stopped, it was made from baking soda, water, rum, later removed, cocoa powder, and crack was made.
what capitalist ideology does the author in the reading cite as fuelling the crack cocaine trade in the USA urban areas?
the idea of greed and gluttony was what was to be strived towards, and if you didn’t get these luxuries then tough luck. It brought the idea that even if someone was a loser, at least in the system you were a winner.
Explain the havoc that crack cocaine wreaked in the South Bronx.
dealers were facing lawmen, the streets were littered with crack pipes and used condoms. It tore apart families, and children were used to deal these drugs. This all came together with the no tolerance policy and the tough luck ideology of modern capitalism.
Describe the perception of normal/deviant sexuality and the dominant moral codes governing sexuality and practices across Indigenous cultures.
Indigenous sexual activity was seen as purely deviant by colonials, who took their sexual activities to be part of their racial tendencies, which sparked the need for control based on race and sexual activity.
Sex was emotional, physical, intellectual and spiritual.
Indigenous people gave gifts after sex as well, but Europeans viewed it as prostitution.
What does two spirited mean?
When an Indigenous male or female has an essence inside of them that is the opposite of their sex (can be any amount)
What were some of the differences between Indigenous and European sexuality?
Europeans believed sex culture was very heterosexual and done to procreate, whereas Indigenous culture had homosexuality in some areas, as it was based more on gender than sex and was done for pleasure as well as procreation.
How was Indigenous sexuality socially typed?
Europeans forbade cross dressing, polygamy and race mixing. many women were victimized and Indigenous women were hyper sexualized. Church fathers also “taught” Indigenous women the right way of procreation (the missionary position) and forced them to adopt a heteronormative view of sexuality.
what are the two areas of research findings regarding pornography that are consistent?
- correlation between consumption of violent pornography and sexually aggressive behaviour
- pornography appears to affect adolescent concepts of the self
What is personal identity?
self narratives arising from ones particular biography or life experience - ones self perception
what is social identity?
socially constructed and given by others
what is identity work?
an activity that allows individuals to create or assert identities that align with both personal and social identity
List and describe the 3 patterns of identity talk identified by Snow and Anderson in their work with the homeless in Texas.
- distancing: participants described themselves in a way that distanced themselves from other homeless individuals
- embracement: they accepted and expressed attachment to their homeless identity
- fictive storytelling: they exaggerated their past, present, and future experiences to a degree
How did usage of the identity talks vary?
Based on time spent homeless - ie. those who spent longer on the street were more likely to embrace the homeless identity
How did the findings of Anderson and Snow compare to that of Boydell and colleagues work with Canadian homeless?
Boydell’s research showed that 29 homeless men/women devalued their current homeless identity and valued their previous identity - assumed coping mechanism
What impact did homeless identity have on service utilization?
the longer someone spent in homelessness the less likely they were to uptake services meant to bring them out of homelessness because they attached to the homeless identity
In regards to the change in identity of young homeless women finding out they’re pregnant, what were the 4 selves that they showed themes of? List and describe them.
past self: the women emphasized how different their lives were and spoke about street involvement, drug use, apathy, and little to no responsibility
present/transitional self: they described how they became more positive, and had a greater set of life priorities. They assumed the role of a parent in an attempt to move away from the street life. They gained stronger relationships with families and the families of the baby’s father, and a desire to increase their education
Future self: their future self was uncertain, and they anticipated ongoing struggles and life changes which held uncertainty and anxiety
What interventions are suggested in regards to the capitalization of service providers during the identity shifts of young homeless women who become pregnant?
approach these women during the transitionary stage, in a way that improves their lives and increases social connections so they do not feel isolated from their peers.
Why does the evolution of the criminal justice system continue to “fall short of meaningful change”?
It fails to properly address youth trauma, which is said to play a key role in youth crime.
What are the different sorts of trauma youth may experience?
poverty, abuse, neglect, discrimination, victimization by crime, or cyberbullying. Intergenerational trauma may also be experienced by Indigenous groups
What must the youth justice system do to mediate youth trauma?
provide resources necessary; For Indigenous youth, this includes cultural resources a well, and measures of reconciliation in society
what is binge drinking?
5 drinks in one sitting for males and 4 for females
Why does drinking alcohol and university life go hand in hand?
Student events are often sponsored by alcohol companies.
Drinking merchandise is usually sold by bookstores.
University ratings usually include social aspects like the best party universities. Seen as a normative behaviour for university students.
Can be considered as a social lubricant to fit in.
What percentage of university students in the USA are considered binge drinkers?
35-40%
Who is most likely to binge-drink during their university years?
On campus groups (athletic teams, bands, fraternities, sororities), and the traditional university students ( 18-23 living away from parents)
What changes have occurred concerning university drinking behaviour?
The rate of binge drinking has begun to move off campus, and the increase of both abstainers and binge drinkers has increased.
What explanations are there for the change in the increase of abstainers of alcohol?
increase in university alcohol policies in the 1990s
What is the relationship between abstainers and binge drinkers in regards to who they hang out with?
Direct correlation; hang out with alike peoples.
What are the negative outcomes associated with binge drinking?
Accidents, sexual assault, unsafe sex practices, academic issues
What is the most common approach employed by universities to address problematic drinking behaviour?
Preventative and retroactive social controls are taken to target individuals and attempt to motivate them to refrain from binge drinking.
Basically, they are trying to stimulate self control or self regulation.
What are limitations by the approach by universities to address problematic drinking behaviours?
they try to mirror approaches to control alcohol abuse within a larger society, but this assumes that those who binge drink have an alcohol dependency
Most university students stop drinking after graduation. What does this say in relation to drinking and university?
it is most likely a product of the university environment rather than problem drinking or alcoholism on the individual
What is the prevention paradox?
the growing efforts to help “problem” drinkers on university campuses have not reduced the extent of harm caused by alcohol consumption, because most of the harms are caused by low or moderate risk drinkers (occasional weekend drinkers)
According to research, what is the most effective approach for reducing harm regarding alcohol consumption?
Higher alcohol taxes, a higher drinking age, and stricter legislation and policies regarding alcohol accessibility, as well as population prevention approach.
What is the population prevention approach and what does it include?
targets the whole university environment as a whole rather than trying to change the behaviours of particular individuals.
This includes regulating prices of drinks at university venues, mandatory responsible beverage service, limitations to the number of campus places that sell alcohol and policies on the accessibility and availability of alcohol.
What controls have students been found to support?
making the rules clear, providing more alcohol free recreational and cultural activities, alcohol free residences, prohibiting kegs on campus, and banning alcohol advertising on campus.
What is the biopsychosocial theory in regards to youth deviance?
that pathways to gang life are best understood through an integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
True or False: all children born into gang families will become gang members
false
What is the key to intervention for youth criminal involvement?
for communities, individuals, families and schools to mitigate risk factors
what are biological risk factors associated with youth deviance?
FASD, brain injuries, learning disabilities
what are protective factors?
mediate risk factors
what are biological protective factors associated with youth deviance?
resiliency, intelligence, athleticism
What is resiliency?
the ability to bounce back after adversity; like tephlon on a non stick frying pan
How does athleticism act as a protective factor?
if children are involved in sports teams or are able to play sports recreationally, they are less likely to participate in deviant behaviour as they are preoccupied and have a sense of belonging
what are psychological risk factors associated with youth criminal activity?
poor mental health, low self esteem, antisocial behaviours
what are psychological protective factors associated with youth deviance?
intellectual and interpersonal abilities, positive self esteem, personal responsibility, pro social behaviours
What is true about children with biopsychological behaviours regarding deviance?
children with biopsych. disorders are more likely to be involved in criminal activity, but intervention at each level can help mitigate this
What role does family play in youth deviance?
children with strong bonds to their family have better mental and physical health, meaning that they are less likely to be involved in criminal activity
What role does the school play in youth deviance?
provides a structured time and environment for youth, as well as provides healthy socialization for youth. There are also lots of different activities available for youth interest, keeping the mind stimulated and preoccupied from engaging in deviant behaviours
What are protective factors regarding peer groups?
pro social siblings and peers, positive group membership
what are risk factors regarding peer groups?
delinquent siblings and peers (those who drink, do drugs, have anti social attitudes)
Who pioneered Differential Association Theory and how does DAT relate to youth delinquency?
Sutherland; people who are exposed to delinquent groups are much more likely to be delinquent themselves
What are risk factors in regards to neighbourhoods?
community disorganization, poverty, exposure to violence, racial discrimination
How does social learning theory connect to youth deviance?
sometimes, being exposed to violence leads to violent behaviours
what are protective factors in regards to neighbourhoods?
living in a community with mixed socioeconomic statuses of families, mixed racial harmony and strong cultural identity, organized and accessible social infrasctructure, bonding to institutions outside of family and school
What is Thrasher and the Gang?
said that delinquency will result in areas with weak social controls; gangs will develop in areas that there are social breaks in the structure of social organization and where social controls are weakened ex. city slums
What characterizes a city slum?
high transient rates, less than ideal community programs and infrastructure, no schools in the community
Why are slum settings usually the place where delinquency and gang activity exists?
often the most exciting and interesting thing for youths to do in these areas
what is an example of an area with strong social controls?
places that have infrastructure like soccer fields etc. - people and families come into this neighbourhood for games and activities, there are people around etc.
What sorts of areas do violent gang activity usually take place?
high poverty, poor housing, drug use/dealing, transient population, high rates of school non completion
What causes high rates of school non completion?
If a child is part of a family that moves 3-4 times a year (high transient rate) it will become hard for them to finish school
What is the Ontario drug use and health survey? What does it tell us?
Biannual survey for grades 7,9 and 11 students that tell us the rates of drug and alcohol use among these age groups; tells us that the rates of usage have declined as the years have gone on
In the graph that shows individuals choosing to abstain from drug use, are the rates increasing or decreasing? what does this tell us about public perception?
decreasing; many have the idea that the rates are higher today and it is continuously increasing which is false
What does the graph regarding cannabis use in the past 3 months by age tell us?
that, next to alcohol, cannabis is the most used drug among younger populations and it is less likely to use cannabis as the age increases
Are other drugs commonly used among young people?
no, mostly just cannabis and alcohol
What drugs does Canada have high prescription rates for?
Opioids and ADHD medications
true or false: polysubstance use common among young people
true
What drugs are Canada the world leader in producing?
methamphetamines and ecstasy
why are drugs like heroin less common?
mostly have to be imported, making it less accessible
What did most youth state as the reason they partook in substances?
curiosity; but the majority do not continue
What is the Nucleus Accumbens and what does it do?
part of the brain that is responsible for the feelings of thrill and rush from risk taking; matures as we get older
What happens when we get older to our Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal cortex?
it still exists, but the prefrontal cortex keeps it in check to keep us from taking as many risky behaviours
List the 3 other reasons for why youth partake in using alcohol and other drugs, and explain.
Pleasure: euphoric effects, associated with things like socialization and partying
peer pressure: to belong with a group (the cool kids are doing it)
as a means of coping: world is much more competitive - ADHD drugs taken illicitly for example
What is the Rat Park Studies?
Bruce Alexander; found that when a rat was isolated, they were more likely to ingest the drug, whereas when they were together they were more likely to ingest water
What 4 factors contributed to Alexander’s findings in the Rat park studies regarding the isolated rats?
emotional isolation, social isolation, powerlessness, stress
What did Alexander conclude in his rat study regarding drug use?
drugs don’t make addiction, vulnerability makes addiction
What do effective media campaigns use?
identify target groups, grounded in solid theoretical basis, messages based on strong research, connect to existing drug programs, adequate exposure, target parents as well as children, outline the consequences of abuse and suggest strategies for reduction
According to the reading on cannabis use, what does the author say about the use of cannabis and the use of other drugs?
The risks associated with cannabis are also associated with the use of other drugs
What are the risks associated with cannabis use?
subsequent problematic use, lower academic performance, heightened risk for dependence, problematic use of other drugs
What may frequent and heavy use of cannabis induce?
psychosis, mental health disturbances, still births, preterm labour, adverse childhood neurological development
What does HWL stand for and what are they?
Health warning labels; policy measures used to communicated health effects of consumer products
Where do people notice HWLs the most?
tobacco products
What elements of HWLs are most effective?
design and vivid colour with pictures that display negative effects
What HWLs are most effective and believable?
picture warnings, with pregnancy, co morbid drug use, dose warnings
what strategy would best be for advancing cannabis users understanding of addiction and dependence risk?
graphic imagery, testimonials
how do the authors of the reading explain the discrepancy between cannabis and tobacco HWL regulations?
the government may have believed that since cannabis has less negative health effects that it didn’t deserve a pictorial warning.
What is the difference between a cognitive approach and behavioural approach regarding advertisements in conveying the message “wear a condom”?
Cognitive is “why should we wear one” = stats and number; behavior is “how to use a condom for example” ; this can show someone putting on a condom or someone purchasing it or someone putting a condom in their purse etc (so any act/beviour)
