Midterm 2

Question 1

Syntrophy

Answer 1

When one organisms by-product is a food source for another organism. (Non-oxygen phototrophs)

Question 2

Endocytosis

Answer 2

The process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

Question 4

Gram-

Answer 4

Has peptidoglycan and a membrane

Question 5

Primary endosymbiosis

Answer 5

Occurs when a prokaryote is merged with a eukaryote

Question 6

Secondary/tertiary endosymbiosis

Answer 6

Occur when a eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote

Question 7

Rhyzaria

Answer 7

Unicellular, aquatic, have long thin pseudopodia

Question 8

Plasmodesmata

Answer 8

A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them

Question 9

Glaucophytes

Answer 9

Freshwater, unicellular algae that have a layer of peptidoglycan in their chloroplast

Question 10

Diploid

Answer 10

2n

Question 11

Haploid

Answer 11

n

Question 12

Diplontic life cycle

Answer 12

Multicellular, diploid adult stage. All animals.

Gametes (male/female n)-> fertilization (2n)-> Zygote (2n) -> Mature organism (2n) -> Meiosis -> Gametes (n)

Question 13

Haplontic life cycle

Answer 13

Lacks a multicellular diploid (2n) stage. Most algae have a haplontic life cycle.

Question 14

Poikilohydry

Answer 14

The capacity to tolerate dehydration and to recover from it without physiological damage

Question 15

Bryophytes

Answer 15

Small non-vascular plants that live in cool, moist environments. They lack true leaves, roots and xylem and phloem. Carry water by diffusion (high to low concentrations)

Question 16

Mycorrhizae

Answer 16

Fungi that have a symbiosis with land plants; they increase surface area and allow for greater water absorption.

Question 17

Archegonia

Answer 17

Produces eggs

Question 18

Antheridia

Answer 18

Produces sperm

Question 19

Sporophyte

Answer 19

Produces airborne spores; they are resistant to desiccation because of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin coats the outside of spores to reduce water loss

Question 20

Homospory

Answer 20

The production of asexual spores of only one kind

Question 21

Heterospory

Answer 21

The production of two types of spores differing in size and sex

A modification of the plant life cycle where there are two sizes of spores. Each size of spore develops into a different gametophyte.

Question 22

Liverwort

Answer 22

Short, stalked gametophyte with a very small sporophyte

Question 23

Hornworts

Answer 23

Persistently green sporophyte with indeterminate growth

Question 24

Tracheid

Answer 24

Tissue that conducts water. A type of xylem tissue

Question 25

Vessel elements

Answer 25

Evolved later, are larger and more efficient. They are connected end-to-end

Question 26

Sieve tube elements

Answer 26

Specialized cells important for the function of phloem

Question 27

Lycophytes

Answer 27

Vascular plants that have microphylls and strobili. They do not produce seeds

Question 28

Microphylls

Answer 28

Small structures that have a single vein of vascular tissue

Question 29

Sporangia

Answer 29

Clusters of spore-producing structures. A linear cluster of sporangia is called a strobilus (cone)

Question 30

Euphyllophytes

Answer 30

All vascular plants that have large, vascularized leaves (megaphylls). All share inversions of the order of chloroplast DNA

Question 31

Sorii

Answer 31

Clusters of sporangia that produce and “fling” spores

Question 32

Seed plants

Answer 32

They all have secondary growth and make seeds. All seed plants are heterosporous. Share four important innovations: seeds, pollen, secondary growth, heterospory

Question 33

Seed

Answer 33

Seeds contain embryos which germinate under favorable conditions. A seed contains an embryo and nutritive tissue, protected by a seed coat.

They share three things: embryo (2n), seed coat (2n), and nutritive tissue (n or 3n)

Question 34

Gymnosperms

Answer 34

Include cycads, ginkgo, gmetophyte, and conifers. Their seeds lack ovaries and are not enclosed by fruit.

Gymnosperm = naked seed

Two types of cones. Woody cones = megasporangia. Leafy cones = microsporangia

Unlike non-seed plants, spores develop into gametophytes in place and never leave the parent plant

Pollen transfers a perm to the egg using a pollen tube

Question 35

Cycads

Answer 35

Characterized by having large, compound leaves and separate make and female plants (dioecious)

Reproduction involves swimming a perm which exits the pollen tube and swim a short distance.

Only gymnosperm pollinated by insects. All others are pollinated by wind

Question 36

Gnetophytes

Answer 36

Only have three genera (Welwistchia, Ephedra, Gnetum). They are characterized by having paired, opposite leaves, vessel elements, and double fertilization.

Question 37

Serotiny

Answer 37

An adaptation in plants where seeds are only released when there is an environmental trigger; the most famous is fire.

Question 38

Nitrogen deficiency

Answer 38

Stunts growth. Results in a yellow plant.

Question 39

Phosphorous deficiency

Answer 39

Stunts growth. Red/purple tint

Question 40

Angiosperms

Answer 40

Have flowers, double fertilization (3n endosperm) and vessel elements

Reproduction involves flowers and other pollination strategies.

Have both tracheids and vessel elements

Question 41

Perfect flower

Answer 41

Has both stamens and carpels

Question 42

Monoecious

Answer 42

If one plant has both sexes

Question 43

Dioecious

Answer 43

Two plants (one per sex)

Question 44

Simple fruit

Answer 44

A fruit that has many seeds but develops from a single carpel.

Question 45

Aggregate fruit

Answer 45

Result from several independent carpels on a single flower

Question 46

Multiple fruits

Answer 46

The result of the fusion of multiple flowers (carpels)

Question 47

Accessory fruits

Answer 47

Have some of their flesh derived from outside the ovary.