midterm 2 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
at what age is language mastered (generally)?
A
5 yrs
2
Q
langauge
A
a socially shared code, used to communicate; uses arbitrary symbols and rules that govern combinations of these symbols (symbolic, structured, and meaningful)
3
Q
language is characterized by ___ and ___
A
displacement; generativity
4
Q
displacement
A
discuss things NOT in the here and now
5
Q
generativity
A
can generate novel things
6
Q
modularity
A
language is made up of distinct rule-based systems
7
Q
when we use language, we are demonstrating our ___ ___
A
linguistic competence
8
Q
rules of language are inferred from ___
A
behaviour
9
Q
phonology
A
study of phonemes and how they are combined
10
Q
phonemes
A
speech sounds; smallest unit of speech that can change meaning; “categories of sound”
11
Q
morphology
A
rules that govern the make-up of words
12
Q
morphemes
A
smallest linguistic unit with meaning (eg: words, -er, re-)
13
Q
types of morphemes (2)
A
(1) free and (2) bound
14
Q
___ develop in very predictable ways
A
morphemes
15
Q
English is what types of language (structure)?
A
SV-O (subject, verb, object)
16
Q
syntax
A
rules that specify how we combine words (order them) to produce various snetence types
17
Q
semantics
A
meaning and lexical organization
18
Q
pragmatics
A
rules about social use of language
19
Q
lexicon
A
internal store of words (sound, meaning and spelling)
20
Q
components of th einteractionist perspective on language development (3)
A
(1) biological maturation, (2) environment and (3) cognitive development
21
Q
LAD
A
language acquisition device (outdated idea)
22
Q
LMC
A
language making capacity (new version of LAD)
23
Q
IDS
A
infant-directed speech (aka motherese)
24
Q
infant-directed speech (IDS) (4)
A
(1) exaggerated pitch, (2) loudness, (3) decreased rate and (4) increased repitition
25
syntax and semantics require ___
exposure
26
IDS is ___, but do not ___ ___
good; simplify syntax
27
we prefer mother's voice and native language by how old?
4 days
28
we can distinguish difficult contrasts from many languages by what age?
2 months
29
Attunement theory (Werker and Tees)
non-native distincitons decline in latter parts of 1st year and natuve distinctions improve
30
when does cooing (vowel sounds) occur?
0-2 months
31
when does babbling (consanant sounds) occur?
2-8 months
32
when is babbling reduplicated?
7-8 months
33
when does sophisticated babbling with intonation and varying phenomes occur?
8-11 months
34
when are single words first produced?
12-18 months
35
Thomas & Chess's (1977) temperament profiles (3)
(1) the easy child, (2) the slow-to-warm-up child and (3) the difficult child
36
what is the distribution of temperament styles?
easy: 40%
slow-to-warm-up: 15%
difficult: 10%
doesn't fit a group: 1/3
37
what fraction of "difficult" preschoolers have behaivoural issues in school?
2/3
38
what fraction of "easy" preschoolers have behaivoural issues in school?
1/5
39
is temperament stable?
there is SOME stability but it's not 100%
40
self-regulation
ability to monitor and control our own behaviour, emotions or thoughts
41
what are effects of difficulty with self- regulation? (4)
(1) risk of alcohol issues, (2) risk of drug issues, (3) risk of gambling issues and (4) ADD diagnosis in school
42
inhibitied (shy) children
react negatively and withdraw from novel stimuli
43
sociable children
display positive emotions to and aprroach novel stimuli
44
shyness (inhibited vs sociable) is linked to which three areas of neurology?
(1) amygdala, (2) RH frontal lobe and (3) neural circuit for shyness
45
what is shyness linked to? (2)
(1) neurology and (2) parenting
46
"goodness of fit" model
between a child and parents- a good match leads to more adaptive functioning (temperament change)
47
postive parent attributes for a difficult child (3)
(1) patient, (2) sensitive and (3) demanding
48
negative parent attributes for a difficult child (3)
(1) irritable, (2) impatient and (3) demanding
49
According to Bowlby, attachemnt is...
being comforted bynearness/ desire to maintain proximity (strong affectionate tie/ close emotional relationship)
50
ethological theory of attachment
attachment is an evolved response that promotes survival
51
according to the ethological theory, how does attachment promote survival? (3)
(1) emotional development, (2) feelings of security and (3) capacity for future relationships
52
when does seperation anxiety appear?
6-8 months
53
when does seperation anxiety peak?
14-18 months
54
link between separation anxiety and attachment
positive association
55
When is the strange situation test done?
1-2 years
56
episodes of the Strange Situation Test (8)
(1) experimentat introduces parent and baby to playroom and leaves, (2) parent sits while baby plays, (3) stranger enters, sits and talks to parent, (4) parent leaves, stranger offers comfort if the baby is upset, (5) parent returs, greets baby and offers comfort if baby is upset; stranger leaves, (6) parent leaves room, (7) stranger enters and offers comforts and (8) parent returns, greets baby and offers comfort if necessary, encourages baby to play with toys
57
attachment quality is judged from ___ and ___ responses in the Strange Situation Test
seperation; reunion
58
classifications of attachment (4)
(1) secure, (2) avoidant, (3) resistant and (4) disorganized/disoriented
59
secure attachement
65%; explores room and responsive to stranger in parent's presence, may be upset when parent leaves, calmed by return; more attached to caregiver than a stranger
60
avoidant attachment
20%; seeks little contact with parent, not upset when they leave; treats stranger in same way as caregiver
61
resistant attachment
10-15%; seeks closeness with parent present, fairls to explore, usually idstressed with departure, but not comforted by return (often angry); weary of strangers even with parent present
62
disorganzied/disoriented attachement
5%; most stressed by procedure, apparent confusion of whether to approach or avoid parent; show patterns of both resistant and avoidant children
63
for what SES is attachment most stable?
middle-upper SES
64
for what SES is attachment least stable and in what way?
low SES homes; may move from security to insecurity or move aroudn insecure patterns
65
which attachment classification is most stable?
disorganized/disoriented attachement (associated with child abuse)
66
Ainsworth's (1979) caregiving hypothesis
initial attachmetn depends more on caregiver than child
67
parents who describe their own childhood as one of ___ attachment tend to rpovide parenting that is ___ and promotes ____
secure; sensitive; attachment
68
caregiver profiles of avoidant babies (2)
(1) impatient, unresponsive, negative affect or (2) over-stimulaitng, but not tuned-in to infant signals
69
caregiver profile of resistant babies
associated with inconsistent parenting
70
caregiver profile of disorganized/disoriented babies
can be related to neglectabuse but not always
71
how does childcare/daycare impact attachment?
overall, not much, but less sensitive parenting combined with higher hours and/or lower qulaity of childcare, reuslts in less secure attachment profiles
72
what aspects of "quality of care" matters in child care? (4)
(1) worker:child ratio, (2) training, (3) oversight and (4) stability of staff
73
preschooles with >30 hours/week in daycare show... (2)
(1) increased aggression and (2) lower vocabulary
74
longer parental leave is associated with ___ attachment
increased
75
aspects of parenting (2)
(1) acceptance (responsiveness) and (2) control (demanding)
76
parenting styles (4)
(1) authoritative, (2) authoritarian, (3) permissive and (4) uninvolved
77
authoritative parenting
high control and acceptance
78
authoritarion parenting
high control and low acceptance
79
permissive parenting
low control and high acceptance
80
uninvolved aprenting
low control and acceptance
81
which is better, authoritative or authoritarian parenting?
authoritative
82
child outcomes for permissive parenting
poor impulse control/ self-regulation
83
child outcomes for uninvolved parenting (4)
(1) aggression, (2) poor academic performance, (3) antisocial behaviour as adolescents and (4) high-risk behaivour in adolescents
84
good parenting is...
consisten, accepting/responsive with reasonable demands and limits
85
habituation
becoming unresponsive to a stimulus upon repeated presentation
86
sensation
detection of timuli by sensory receptor and transmission to brain
87
perception
interpretation of sensory input
88
testing infants (5)
(1) preferrential looking, (2) facial expressions, (3) habituation, (4) sucking rate and (5) heart rate
89
we are highly snesitive to ___, ___ and ___ in infancy
smell; taste; touch
90
differences in infant hearing (2)
(1) higher auditory threshold and (2) greater sensitivity to speech sounds
91
how far is our vision in the first month of life?
infants see at 6m what adulsts see at 60-120m
92
by what age do we have 20/20 vision?
first birthday
93
when do we develop colour vision?
first 3 months
94
what kind of forms do babies prefer to look at?
complex; faces
95
when can infants discriminate between pictures of faces?
3 months
96
when do we show preference for "attractive" faces?
3 months +
97
why do babies prefer "attractive" faces?
symmetry
98
depth perception is tied to ___ ___
motor development (crawling)
99
how do we test depth perception in babies?
visual cliff experiment
100
intermodal perception
combing sensory stimuli from more than one sensory system
101
what is a sign of intermodal perception in babies?
being able to use a sensory system to identify an object familiar through another sensory system
102
reaching is the combination of what sensory systems (intermodal perception)?
touch and vision
103
how do we test for intermodal perception in babies?
virtual objects study
104
when do we develop intermodal perception?
8-31 days
105
perception is dependent on what?
experience with the environment
106
learning
a change in behaivour as a result of experience or practice
107
early learning is called....
habituation
108
habituation is linked to the development of what brain structure?
cerebral cortex
109
is habituation good in babies?
YES
110
classical conditioning
pairing a NS with an US to create a CR
111
operant conditioning
response -> reinforcement/ punishment
112
issues with punishment (operant conditioning) (3)
(1) timing, (2) strength and (3) rationale
113
Bandura is associated with what?
observational and social learning
114
when do we start modeling/imitating
2-3 weeks
115
when do we start showing delayed or deffered imiation?
9-14 months
116
delay or deffered imitation
retaining mental representations
117
what ahppens when parents eventually give in to "bad" behaviour?
positive reinforcement for the behaviour, negative reinforcement and all at variable ratio (BAD; TRIPLE WAMMY)
118
cognition
activity of knowing and the mental processes used to acquire knowledge and solve problems
119
cognitive development
changes that occur in these mental skills and abilities over the course of life
120
scheme
interal cognitive sturcture or pattern of thought
121
Piaget was a ___ who believed that cognitive development was based on the (_)___ of schemes and ___ stages related to ____
constructivist; (re)organization; invariant; biology
122
according to Piaget, what are cognitive processes?
schema; theories of the child; mental structures that help us interpret the world
123
assimilation
integrating with existing schemes
124
accomodation
creating or changing schemes to integrate new experiences
125
equilibrium
more time assimilating
126
disequilibrium
more time accomodating; (re)organization of schemes
127
according to Piaget, cognitive growth comes from ___ (equilibrium/disequilibrium)
disequilibrium
128
Piaget's four stages
(1) sensorimotor (0-2), (2) preoperational (2-7), (3) concrete-operational (7-11) and (4) formal-operational (11/12+)
129
stages of Piaget's sensorimotor period (6)
(1) reflexive schemes (0-1month), (2) primary circular reactions (1-4months), (3) secondary circular reactions (4-8months), (4) coorination of secondary circular reactions (8-12months), (5) tertiary circular reactions (12-18months) and (5) mental representation (18+ months)
130
tertiary circular reactions
actions on objects for experiments; trying novel actions on familiar objects (12-18months)
131
primary circular reactions
accidently movement that self-reinforces causing the baby to repeat (1-4months)
132
secondary circular reactions
accidently movement involving an OBJECT that self-reinforces causing the baby to repeat (4-8months)
133
coordination of secondary circular reactions
beginning of goal-directed behaviour and object permanence (8-12months)
134
example of a mental representation
language
135
preoperational stage
symbolic thought but no "operations"; 2-7 years
136
operations
initial mental activity involved in lgoical thinking; mental representations for logical rules/ strategies
137
egocentrism
view from only your own perspecive
138
what test is done to check egocentrism/ preoperational stage?
3 Mountain Problem
139
periods within Piaget's preoperational stage (2)
(1) preconceptual period (2-4years) and (2) intuitive period (4-7years)
140
preconceptual period
symoblic function (make one thing stand for another)
141
what type of play is important in the preconceptual period?
sociodramatic play and pretend-play because it helps with symbolic function and coordinating with others
142
intuitive period
thinking about objects is dominanted by salient features
143
what test is done on kids in the intuitive period of the preoperational stage?
conservation studies
144
centration
we only focus on one aspect of a stimulus
145
sociodramatic play is correlated with... (6)
(1) competence, (2) attention, (3) memory, (4) language, (5) literacy and (5) creativity
146
why do kids in the preoperational stage struggle with conservation? (2)
(1) centration and (2) lack of cognitive operations to overcome initial perception
147
what needs to be developed to manage conservation tasks? (2)
(1) decentration and (2) reversability
148
decentration
focus on more than one aspect of a stimulus
149
concrete operational stage (7-11years)
conservation, decentration, reversability, less egocentric; RELATIONAL LOGIC
150
relational logic
eg: greater than, less than, mental seriation (ordering)
151
formal operational stage (11/12+)
mental actions performed on ideas and propositions; hypothetical thinking, deductive reasioning and creative/ abstract thought
152
educational applications of Piaget (2)
(1) discovery-based education (eg. montesory) and (2) critical thinking and hypothesis testing
153
sociocultural theory
cognitive development is culturally based
154
Vygotsky's idea of cognitive growth
cognitive growth/skills come from social interactions and skilled partners
155
we are born with ___ mental functions which are transformed into ___ mental functions
elementary; higher
156
according to Vygotsky, our learning starts at what? and shifts to what?
shifts from social to individual learning
157
educational application of Vygotsky
(1) individualized assesment (ZPD), (2) guided aprticipation/ structured activities/ collaborative elarning with MKO and (3) scaffolding
158
MKO
more knowledgable other
159
scaffolding
artifical support for learning
160
Vygotsky's "dialogues"
model behaviour + verbal instruction
161
difference in perception of private self-talk (P vs V)
P: reflection of phase; egocentric; no big deal
V: driving force; step toward self-regulation; guided cognitvie growth
162
who advocates for self-exploration, P or V
Piaget
163
who advocates for guided/ cooperative learning, P or V?
Vygotsky
164
according the the Information Processing perspective, what is the mind?
a complex symbol manipulating system, aka a computer
165
encoding
storing as symbols
166
recording
changing mental representations/ symbols
167
decoding
interpreting
168
(multi)store model of memory (3)
(1) sensory register, (2) short term store (WM) and (3) long term memory
169
What did Baddeley's working memory model add to the (multi)store model of memory? (2)
(1) central executive (CE) and (2) modality-specific buffers
170
central executive
allocates attention to the memory system (processor)
171
components of memory development (5)
(1) capacity, (2) strategies, (3) inhibition and executive functioning, (4) automaticity and (5) processing speed
172
memory strategies
goal-directed and deliberatley implemented mental operations; on purpose, for a purpose
173
deficiences in memory strategies (2)
(1) production deficiency and (2) utilization deficiency
174
development of memory stages can be taught and is not "___-__"
stage-like
175
sum strategy
4+3= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
176
minimum strategy
4+3=4,5,6,7
177
adaptive strategy choice model
multiple strategies to choose from; choice depends on task and cognitive demands
178
inhibitory and executive functioning
prevents task-irrelevant information from interferring; control and allocation of attention; icreases gradually with cognitive development (individual development)
179
automaticity
working memory involved in tasks/problem solving initially but with experience, it becomes automatized and requires less cognitive resources
180
Patricia Miller's inhibitory and executive funciton study
using her advent house with animals and household objects, she showed that with increased inhibitory and executivy functioning we are better at remembering what we were told to but worse at outside information
181
processing speed
linked to experience and myelin sheathing; generally increases with age to adolescence
182
core-knowledge thoeries
proposes distinct domains of knowledge acquired in development; some forms of knowledge are so important for survival that learning of these is simpified (eg. language, objects, people, living things...)
183
understandings in core domains (3)
(1) objects and their properties, (2) living things and (3) people
184
theory of mind
awareness of relation between mind and behaviour; behaviour is linked to indivdual thoughts and experiences
185
autobiographical memory
significant events/experiences in ones life
186
necessary developments for autobiogrpahical memory (2)
(1) clear self-image and (2) ability to create a time-organized life story (conceptually and linguistically)
187
infantile amnesia
no memory before age 2-3; sense of self? mediated by language? frontal cortex development
188
issues with preschool age eyewitnesses (5)
(1) difficulty with language comprehension/ questions, (2) can be misled by phrasing of quesions that imply what happened, (3) more likely to say yes to Yes/No questions, (4) poor at source monitoring and (5) weaker autobriographical memories
189
special considerations for young eye witnesses (5)
(1) interview as soon as possible, (2) open ended questions, (3) consistent reinforcement (carefully), (4) non-biased language and (5) practice for children
190
children's first words are usually... (4)
(1) nouns, (2) things they have interacted with, (3) moving things and/or (4) familiar words/greetings
191
idiomorphs
made up words that sound real; sound approximations
192
holophrase
single word utterance that expresses more meaning than that of the used word
193
within 6 months of our 1st word, how many do we learn?
around 200
194
QUIL
quick incidental learning
195
fast-mapping/ quick incidental learning
mental process whereby a new concept is learned based only on minimal exposure to a given unit of information.
196
when we are fast mapping, sounds are connected/mapped to ___
meaning
197
categories of error when we learn language (2)
(1) meaning and (2) pronounciation
198
types of meaning errors in language learning (2)
(1) overextension and (2) underextension
199
overextension
specifics used to define broader set
200
underextension
using a general word only for specific things
201
intensive language stimulation
talking to kids A LOT
202
how do we learn words? (3)
(1) story books, (2) intensive language stimulation and (3) self/parallel talk (narration)
203
what types of videos are not helpful for lanugage learning? (2)
(1) general cartoons and (2) Baby Einstein videos
204
how do you increase vocab learning from video watching?
have kids watch with an adult
205
telegraphic speech
missing some morphemes/morphology/grammer; eg. "he run"
206
when do we start combining words?
18-24 months
207
process of language learning in first 2 years (3)
phonology and first words -> early combos -> morphology
208
what area of language is mastered in preschool years?
morphology
209
morphological errors (2)
(1) over-regularization and (2) inconsistent use of irregular forms
210
over-regularization
overextend rules to irregular cases; eg. eated, tooths
211
syntax
rules of transformational grammer; eg. asking questions
212
language development after 5 years old (5)
(1) long and more complex sentences, (2) lexical expansion and reorganization, (3) morphological rules to build new words, (4) metalinguistics and (5) pragmatics
213
metalinguistics
conscious awareness of language
