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BIO1001 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

study how characteristics of individual in populations are inherited

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2
Q

mitosis

A

division creating two identical daughter cells

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3
Q

meiosis

A

division creating gametes with half the genetic material from a parent

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4
Q

somatic cell

A

non reproductive cell (only does mitosis)

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5
Q

homologous chromosome

A

similar length but not identical

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6
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical copy

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7
Q

centromeres

A

point attaching sister chromatids

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8
Q

centrosomes

A

region forming microtubule spindle fiber

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9
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary line chromosomes align at during metaphase

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10
Q

cleavage

A

separates animal cells

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11
Q

cell plate

A

separates plant cells

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12
Q

G1 of interphase

A

normal cell development and growth

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13
Q

G2 of interphase

A

centrosomes duplicate

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14
Q

S of interphase

A

chromosomes duplicate into sister chromatids

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15
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrosomes form microbial spindle fibre, nuclear membrane disintegrates

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16
Q

metaphase

A

centrosomes migrate to poles, chromosomes move to metaphase plate, spindle fibre attaches to centromeres

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17
Q

anaphase

A

microtubule spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart

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18
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense, nucleus membrane reforms

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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm separate into 2 daughter cells by cleavage or cell plate

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20
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine sex of organism and other heritable traits

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21
Q

autosomal chromosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes, carry heritable traits, all other 23

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22
Q

blending hypothesis

A

perfect blend of parents

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23
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics or traits of organism

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24
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of organism

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25
Q

aa

A

homozygous recessive

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26
Q

AA

A

homozygous dominant

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27
Q

Aa

A

heterozygous

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28
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

some traits skip generations

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29
Q

true-breeding

A

produce only the same variety as parent (aa or AA)

30
Q

hybridization

A

crossing two true-breeding varieties

31
Q

law of segregation

A

chromosomes separate during meiosis (gamete have 50% chance to get it)

32
Q

allele

A

version of genes

33
Q

microtubules

A

string from centrosomes

34
Q

spindle

A

string from centrosomes

35
Q

phenotype ratio

A

visible difference (need punnett square)

36
Q

genotype ration

A

genetic difference (need punnett square)

37
Q

Punnett Square

A

probability chart

38
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene produces multiple phenotypes (hydrangeas)

39
Q

complete dominance

A

regular stuff

40
Q

incomplete dominance

A

phenotype is in between (pink from white and red)

41
Q

co-dominance

A

both alleles affect phenotype (polka dots) or blood type

42
Q

testcross

A

testing unknown genotype with recessive homozygote ( will give different results if Aa or AA)

43
Q

monohybrid cross

A

one phenotype

44
Q

dihybrid cross

A

two phenotypes

45
Q

Law of Independant Assortment

A

alleles separate during gamete formation

46
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

gene can produce different phenotypes

47
Q

Lamark

A

Discovered evolution (but because traits are used often)

48
Q

Mendel

A

Discovered ??

49
Q

Linnaeus

A

Discovered many species (but it was God)

50
Q

Darwin’s key observations

A

match, unity and diversity

51
Q

evolution

A

heritable change in population over time

52
Q

natural selection

A

variation-competition-survival of the fittest-reproduction-evolution

53
Q

homology

A

comparing homologous structures

54
Q

convergent evolution

A

took different paths to evolve but same result

55
Q

endemic

A

found nowhere else in the world

56
Q

population

A

same species living in same area

57
Q

gene pool

A

all alleles available in population

58
Q

p & q

A

allele frequencies

59
Q

p^2 & q^2

A

genotypic frequencies

60
Q

prerequisites for something in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

no gene flow, large population size, no mutations, no natural selection, random mating

61
Q

genetic drift

A

chance event causes allele frequency to change

62
Q

Founder’s effect

A

stranded on island

63
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

chance event wipes out other phenotypes

64
Q

gene flow

A

mat of alleles into and out of population (like migration)

65
Q

directional selection

A

favours totally different one

66
Q

disruptive selection

A

favours two (split)

67
Q

stabilizing selection

A

increases OG gene

68
Q

intrasexual selection

A

compete within same sex (head butting)

69
Q

intersexual selection

A

one sex chooses other sex (birds of paradise)

70
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

when Aa is better survival ( malaria and sickle cell anemia)

71
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of 2 haploid gametes

72
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of new organism without fusion

BIO1001 (1 decks)

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