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MCDB 60- Bio Ethics > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

____________________:
First Eight Weeks of Development, Post-Fertilization
(First Ten Weeks of Pregnancy)

A

Human Embryo Definition

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2
Q

__________________: cultured Embryos cultured for 4-6 days before implantation 4-6 days for implantation

A

IVF invetrofertilization

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3
Q

_______________: Extracted from Inner Cell Mass of Blastocyst Phase of the Embryo, First Extraction to Successful Cell Line: J. Thompson, 1998, Typical Extraction Results In Destruction of the Embryo

A

Human Embryonic Stem Cells:

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4
Q

________________: Non-Implanted Embryos Cannot Be Used In Research Beyond 14 Days- (Development of Primitive Streak and Beyond Twinning Possibility)Until Recently, Not Technologically Feasible to Survive Beyond This

A

The 14 Day Rule:

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5
Q

______________: General Properties. Capable of dividing and renewing for long periods of time. Unspecialized, but… Can give rise to specialized cell types

A

Stem Cells –

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6
Q

Human Stem Cells are Capable of dividing and renewing for long periods of time because they are _____________

A

unspecialized cells types

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7
Q

_____________: embryonic stem cells, are master cells. They’re able to make cells from all three basic body layers, so they can potentially produce any cell or tissue the body needs to repair itself.

A

Pluripotent:

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8
Q

Benefits to Pluripotent stem cells

A

Greater versatility

Easier to obtain

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9
Q

This “master” property is called _____________

A

pluripotency.

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10
Q

____________________ are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. .. can be isolated from a tissue sample obtained from an adult.

A

Adult stem cells

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11
Q

_______________ are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

A

Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

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12
Q

ESCs are are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into

A

all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

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13
Q

______________ Capable of Generating Tissues Belonging To Body Part From Which They Are Extracted

A

Adult Stem Cells:

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14
Q

______________ Similar Properties To Adult Stem Cells

A

Fetal Stem Cells:

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15
Q

_______________ Capable of Generating Any/All Body Cell Types

A

Embryonic Stem Cells:

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16
Q

The Uses of Human Stem Cells in Medicine and Research
Research uses: physiological process investigations, drug testing and development organoids
Therapeutic/ Treatment Use:

A

Alzheimers, Parkinsons, spinal cord injury, heart disease, diabetes, leukemia

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17
Q

The Uses of Human Stem Cells in Medicine and Research

Research uses:

A

physiological process investigations, drug testing and development organoids

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18
Q

Pluripotency Means

A

Greater Versatility, Easier To Obtain, Greater Proliferation Capacity

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19
Q

Obstacles/ Research Agendas of Stem cell research

A

Rejection avoidance- Transplantation

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20
Q

The Sources of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

A 
Physiological Process Investigations
Drug Testing and Development
Fertilized Egg- IVF rements 
Fertilized Egg- Created Specifically for Research 
Parthenogenesis- Asexual reproduction 
somatic cell nuclear transfer (Sct) 
Fetal Tissue 
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Differentiation Studies
Rejection Avoidance - Transplantation
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21
Q

Why Abortion Ethics doesnt settle the Stem Cell Questions

A

More Social Benefit to Stem Cell Use (Consequentialist)

No Singular Person With Overriding Claim vs. Embryo (Deontological)

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22
Q

The problem with stem cell research

A

“The Problem”
On One Side: The Principle of Beneficence
On The Other Side: Worries About Harm To The Embryo

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23
Q

________________: Beneficence is an ethical principle that addresses the idea that a nurse’s actions should promote good. Doing good is thought of as doing what is best for the patient.

A

Principle Beneficence:

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24
Q

The full moral status view

A

The embryo enjoys full moral status or personhood. Based on human organism, potentiality, or FLO accounts of moral status

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25
Q

Criticism of the full moral status view of embryos

A

For Several Extensions and Implications:, Embryo Rescue Cases, Greater Importance of Preventing Miscarriage Than Cancer, Equivalency of Doing Research On Adults
ALSO ONLY PROHIBITS STEM CELL RESEARCH WHEN COMBINED WITH DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL STRUCTURE

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26
Q

The intermediate moral status view

A

The Embryo has intermediate moral status, somewhere between a body cell and an adult human being. You gradually gain moral status through development

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27
Q

Objections to intermediate moral status view

A

Pro tanto wrong to harm, but can be outweighed by benefits.

Similar to animals and animal research

Where do we draw the line of status of embryo, depends on the Level of Status of Embryo, And What We Have To Gain From Research

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28
Q

Two principles of the The discarded-created distinction

A

The Nothing-Is-Lost Principle- and Means vs. Ends Considerations-

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29
Q

_______________ It’s OK to do something that is otherwise impermissible, if nothing will be lost, and some benefit will come about from the action. Do Discarded IVF Embryos Have a Future To Lose? (Presumes No) Do Created Embryos Have a Future To Lose? (Presumes Yes)

A

The Nothing-Is-Lost Principle-

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30
Q

________________ Do Researchers Deliberatively Create Embryos With Intentions of Using Them as a Means for Ends They Cannot Share? Is This Wrong?Does Something Different Go On In The IVF Process When Excess Embryos Are Knowingly Created?

A

Means vs. Ends Considerations-

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31
Q

___________________ Does The Fact That Wrong Has Already Been Done Make Use OK? Does Subsequent Use Encourage Further Wrongdoing?

A

Benefiting From Others’ Wrongdoing-

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32
Q

Distinguishing Between Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells, Assumes Embryos Are Potential Persons/Human Organisms/Have FLO,

A

But Embryonic Stem Cells Are Not (Because No Trophoblast)Therefore, Embryos (but not hESCs) Have Moral Status/Can’t Be Harmed, Tetraploid Complementation (Mice): Does This Complicate Assumptions?

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33
Q

Four Questions

A

Does the Method of Embryo(id)-Production Matter?- [IVF vs. Artificial Generation]
Do the Physiological Features (and Potential Features)of an Embryoid Matter? If So, Which Ones, and Why?- [Primitive Streak and Neurological Sensation – 14 Day Rule]
Does the Potential Viability of an Embryoid Matter? [All Parts of Body – Plus Trophoblast – Plus Host Environment]
Does the Potential for Abuse Matter?

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34
Q

Distinguishing between embryos and embryonic stem cells

A

Assumes embryos are potential persons and human organisms have flu but embryonic stem cells are not
Therefore, embryos have moral status
Tetraploid complementations
Benefiting from another harm

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35
Q

_________________ asexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenesis:

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36
Q

_________________ You can use stem cell lines that are already available, but you can not create your own stem cell lines

A

Use derivation distinction:

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37
Q

At this point, stem cell research in some form is _____________________

A

mostly uncontroversial in the scientific community , but the public sector still debates over the permissibility especially about fetal tissue

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38
Q

More on Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

A

Performed on cell free fetal DNA
Non invasive requires only blood draw from mom (8-9 week)
Indicative but not as reliable as established screens covered by obamacare and becoming routine for age 35+

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39
Q

_________________ use the extra embryos from IVF so they do not go to waste

A

Created-Discarded Distinction:

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40
Q

Screens for trisomy conditions (including DS) and can screen for more can indicate

A

sex of fetus- reasons psychological preparration, fetal intervention,

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41
Q

The increased number abortions because of diseases such as down syndrome has ersduced resources for people with those diseases becasue their are less individuals with that disease.

A

abortion, rates of abortion of DS indicated fetus 98%-Denmark, 67%-US

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42
Q

The Relationship of Screening/ Selection to Abortion Ethics

A

Is it okay that we make such a decision based on a genetic feature.
Is selective abortion okay?
Is selecting genetic traits okay?

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43
Q

The Range of Screenable/ Selectable Traits

A 
Tay-Sachs disease 
Huntington's disease 
Down syndrome
Deafness and blindness 
Depression 
Asthma and food allergy 
Sex 
Hair and eye color
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44
Q

What are the two opposing views of selective abortion by genetic testing?

A

The reproductive Rights/ Freedom Movement

The Disability Rights Movement and The social construction model of disability

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45
Q

Purdy’s Thesis

A

My primary concern here is to argue that conception can sometimes be morally wrong on grounds of genetic risk
The scope of Purdy’s approach- relation to abortion ethics
She chooses the example of Huntington’s disease because it has serious repercussions on quality of life

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46
Q

Three Arguments

A

The Duty to provide a minimally satisfying life
The inability to harm merely potential persons
The limited weight of parental desires

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47
Q

_________________________
Violation of this duty harms actual persons
What exactly is a minimally satisfying life
Purdy’s limited scope: basic health concerns

A

The Duty to provide a minimally satisfying life

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48
Q

_________________________:
This applies to Purdy’s approach/scope but might be harder to apply to IVF emrbyos selection/ selective abortion, depending on your view of the moral status of the embryo or fetus

A

The inability to harm merely potential persons

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49
Q

_______________________
Not every desire ought to be fulfilled.
Other means available to satisfy desires.
Value of satisfying parental desire is outweighed by harm to children

A

The limited weight of parental desires

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50
Q

Considering Non Genetic extensions of Purdy’s Argument

A

Do external circumstances that increase the risk of leading a less than minimally satisfying life also create moral obligations to refrain from having children

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51
Q

Additional Questions of Purdy

A

How far do obligations to actual children extend?
Civil War, climate change

Do parental obligations extend to consideration of third party harms? Is the cost/ harm to society relevant for procreative decisions?
What exactly is required of someone’s health in order to say that they have a minimally satisfying life? Do deafness and blindness count as less than minimally satisfying?
Why is minimally satisfying the cutoff? Why not say that there is an obligation to give children a good or the best possible start to life

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52
Q

Do parental obligations extend to consideration of third party harms? Is the cost/ harm to society relevant for procreative decisions?

A

What exactly is required of someone’s health in order to say that they have a minimally satisfying life? Do deafness and blindness count as less than minimally satisfying?
Why is minimally satisfying the cutoff? Why not say that there is an obligation to give children a good or the best possible start to life

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53
Q

The disability Rights Critique of Selective Abortion

A

Parents and asch’s thesis

Prenatal genetic testing followed by selective abortion is morally problematic and is driven by misfortune

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54
Q

Parents and asch’s thesis

A

Prenatal genetic testing followed by selective abortion is morally problematic and is driven by misfortune

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55
Q

Selective abortion expresses discriminatory attitudes to

A

people living with that disability

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56
Q

It undermines attempts to secure

A

inclusion and equal access for the living and reinforced the practice of discrimination

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57
Q

There is no single

A

message being sent about the disadvantage to being disabled. Decisions often have to do with particular family/personal goals

58
Q

It questions the morality of all abortions

A

What is the difference between message to disable child and message to fourth child? If there is no difference cited, then no abortion is permissible

59
Q

Can not explain why abortion to prevent disability bad, but other intervention are acceptable

A

objection to counterargument

60
Q

The parental attitudes argument

A

On a proper understanding of parenthood, the particular trait of children should not matter. The role of parents is to nurture the particular children that they end up with

61
Q

The misinformation argument

A

The individual perspective, individual happiness and satisfaction levels choices to terminate/control choices/ own pregnancy
The family perspective: The similarity of adaptational profiles. The ex-ante vs ex post satisfaction evaluation
Societal perspective is the individual a benefit to society

62
Q

Is it morally permissible, or even, in some circumstances, morally obligatory, to prevent/select for the birth of a person on account of some facts about that person’s genetic profile?

A

Developing Understanding of Genetic Science and Ability to Screen for Genetic Risk/Endowment

63
Q

Methods of Selectively Preventing Birth-

A

Avoidance or Prevention of Conception(by Marriage Choice/Forgoing Biological Reproduction/Sperm Selection)Screening and Selection of Embryos During IVF (PGD) Prenatal Genetic Screening /Selective Abortion of Fetuses (NIPT/CVS/AC)- [Genetic Engineering via CRISPR-Cas]**

64
Q

May We Select Against “Negative Traits Like Disease and Disability?

A

Yes Review of Purdy’s Arguments

65
Q

_____________ In some circumstances we are morally obligated to select against these negative traits- when children born with such traits would not have a “minimally satisfying life.”

A

Yes we must- Select Against “Negative Traits Like Disease and Disability?

66
Q

________________ presumably, you could make a case for selection based on reproductive freedom. Extremely harmful diseases include less clear what could be said on this account about various other forms of disability. It would depend upon your account of MSL and you raccount understand of the disability

A

Yes we may- Select Against “Negative Traits Like Disease and Disability?

67
Q

The expressivist argument, reviewed

A

Selective abortion expresses discriminatory attitudes vs. people living with disabilities. It sends a harmful message to the living
It allows a single trait to stand in for the whole
It undermines attempts to secure inclusion and equal access for the living
There is no single message being sent decisions more often have to do with particular family/ personal goals
It questions the morality of all obortions. What is the difference between message to disabled child and message to fourth child?

68
Q

__________________
On a proper understanding of parenthood, the particular traits of children should not matter. The role of parents is to nurture the particular children that they end up with
Wrongfully employs the maternalist assumption. There are other understandings of parenthood (projectivist/familial)

A

The Parental attitudes Argument, Reviewed

69
Q

_____________________
Selective Abortion is based on misinfoormation about what it is like to be disabled and to live with a disability
The Individual Perspective: Individual Happiness and Satisfaction Levels. Choices to terminate control own pregnancies
The Family Perspective: The similarity of adaptational profiles. The ex-ante and ex-post satisfaction evaluation
The Societal Perspective: The Medical

A

The Misinformation Argument

70
Q

___________________
Parens and Asch’s Study- Testing For Tay-Sachs Is Reasonable, On Their View. Testing For Eye Color/Hair Color Is Unreasonable, On Their View Can We Draw a Line Regarding Traits That Fall Between These Two Ends of The Spectrum

A

The Harm Based Approach

71
Q

_______________________
Reproductive Freedom- Projectivist Conceptions of Parenthood, Family as Within The, Private Domain, Objections, Should Be Limited By Harm To Others – Both Negative/Positive Selection, Distinctness of Moral and Legal Questions

A

The ADA Baseline Approach

72
Q

__________________

people would no longer want to selectively abort if they were educated

A

The Genetic Counseling and Education Approach

73
Q

_________________________

But Whenever we’ve tried eugenics policies they’ve failed from the moral point of view

A

Procreative Freedom and Parental Projects

74
Q

_________________ parents are obligated if they have the funds to make the best offspring possible

A

The Principle of Procreative Beneficence

75
Q

Initial Objections to PB

A

Objection 1- We can’t predict who will have the best life. What does having the best life even mean?
Objection 2- Many parents will misapply this directive, with negative results.
Objection 3- This principle is just too demanding, and expects too much of parents.

76
Q

___________________- Selection procedures (especially IVF) are primarily available to people who are wealthy or well-connected. Employing them will further increase the divide between the haves and have-nots, now with a genetic basis.

A

The Socio-Economic Inequality Objection PB

77
Q

_________________
Increased social stigma for those who negative non disease or non-disabling traits (shortness/baldness)
There are substantive eharms to third parties that result from this practice

A

The Harm Based Objection

78
Q

_________________ There are substantive harms to third parties, that result from this practice. Less social support and resources for those who need it most. (The poor people who are left with DS/autism/cancer, etc.) Increased social stigma for those with “negative” non-disease or non-disabling traits (shortness/baldness, etc

A

The Harm-Based Objection-

79
Q

______________ Any practice designed to favor the expression of desirable genetic traits and or curtail the expression of undesirable genetic traits in subsequent generations

A

Genetic engineering:

80
Q

____________________ good birth

A

Eugenics:

81
Q

Review of Arguments in favor of selection:

A

Extensive reproductive freedom
Duty of nonmaleficence
Duty of Beneficence- duty to give children the best life possible

82
Q

Review of Arguments against selection

A

Harm to potential children
Harms parent child relationship
Harms to third parties
Exacerbation of unjust or harmful social inequality
Plays God
The negative history and slippery slope of eugenics programs

83
Q

__________________ The Practice of intentionally Editing or modifying the genetic material of an organism in order to alter its probable expressed characteristics

A

Genome Editing:

84
Q

CRISPR

A

genome editing

85
Q

Review of CRISPR-cas

Current Capabilities

A

Used in crop and animal modification- selection for/against traits.
Gene function research in animals-knockout experiments
Treating Disease in animals- liver disease in mice

86
Q

CRISPR-cas

Prospective Capabilities

A

Clinical treatment of disease in human embryos/adult

Further selection of desirable human traits

87
Q

_____________________: Any cells other than reproductive cells. Revision of genetic material in cells not capable of passing on info. Major ethical issue is about risk of unintended consequences

A

Somatic Cell;

88
Q

______________: reproductive cell (egg and sperm)

A

Germ cell-

89
Q

Risk, COnsent, and Scientific Progress

A

Main ethical issue in somatic cell editing; Risk and Relationship to consent and scientific progress
We do not always get the edit perfectly correct. Off target modification.

90
Q

Four Ethical Issues- ASIG report

A

Consent and future generations
Diversity and the Human Genome
The economics of germ cell editing
Who’s to judge? Eugenics Programs and The Potential for abuse

91
Q

It’s relationship to the genetic screening

A

The Slippery Slope to Bad Genetics
Halt in vivo germline engineering for now. Though in vitro research may continue. Eventual use for treatment must be medically compelling evidence based, ethical, and done after transparent public oversight process

92
Q

CRISPR- Cas Ethics Case Study: He Jiankui and China’s Crispr Twins
Some Background

A

At the end of 2018, Jiankui announce that in an unpublished study he implanted two embryos that he CCR5 Gene edited using CRISPR. Details about the case are still emerging.
Medical protection against HIV
Was CCR5 Editing Necessary/ Beneficial/ Done Successfully/Safe.
Was informed consent properly obtained
Did he operate transparently with oversight from peers and public

93
Q

Whole Genome and Whole Exome Sequencing

Selection of Areas of Genome Pertinent to clinical/ research objectives

A

Identification of Variants in the Sequence, compared to reference
Interpretation and analysis of data within selected regions
Sliding scale of targeting levels: specific genes, preset microarrays Whole exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing
Next generation techniques for WES/WGS- increases speed, increased volume, and availability reduced cost

94
Q

___________________
The Genotype phenotype relationship
Scientifically Significant Findings
Variants of Uncertain Significance

A

The Variable Significance of Findings

95
Q

________________
Deliberately Sought vs. Incidental Findings- cancer predisposition, recessive disease carrier status, late onset disease status, parentage information

A

Incidental Findings

96
Q

_______________________
Inherited Conditions and the Familial nature of genetic information
Information about self translates to probabilities about relatives

A

The Familial Nature of Genetic Information

97
Q

The Nature of the Ethical Problem of Incidental Findings

A

The First problem: Is there a duty to disclose incidental findings

98
Q

Arguments Against Disclosure

A

Risks to the Patient and the duty of nonmaleficence
Anxiety
Social Costs
Excessive, unnecessary treatments
The Problem of Consent
The inability cannot know and understand the relevance of information in advance

99
Q

___________________
Beneficence Obligations
Actionably scientifically significant results
Involving potential for great harm
Concerns About Practitioner Power
Problematic informational imbalances
When Institutions and practitioners exclusively posses personal information

A

Arguments Requiring Disclosure

100
Q

____________________
Counseling and Consent forms
Disguised based on level of evidence available; health related vs. non heath findings-type/level of prospective harm involved
Is informed consent with significant true understanding possible
Do conditions require a physician to override?
Is informed consent really the end all be all?

A

Tiered Consent as a Potential Solution

101
Q

The Problem of Disclosure to Close Relatives

The Nature of the Ethical Problem of Disclosure to Relatives

A

Second Problem: Is there a duty to disclose to close relatives?

102
Q

Arguments in Favor of Non-disclosure
Patient Privacy
The right to patient privacy- privacy and medicine generally, patient confidentiality- deontological and consequentialist considerations. The deep personal nature of genetic information. Isn’t genetic information personal?
that was not self sought.

A

Is it not also deep personal information for the people related to you?
Relatives’ Right not to know
The right to relatives not to know (non disclosure is obligatory)- presumes wishes of close relatives without obtained consent. Harmes involved learning information

103
Q

Arguments Requiring Disclosure

A

Relatives’ Property Rights to genetic information
Encourages familial involvement and treatment of the family as a whole
Presumes family as patient unless good reason not to worry

104
Q

The presence of special obligations

What is the source of a special obligation? Does it entail redundancy?

A

The duty to warn and the principle of rescue

Agent Neutral obligation, prospective harm to others vs cost to self

105
Q

Duties of the Practitioner

A

In legal and public policy- no not permitted to disclose to family
In moral reasoning- arguable relevance of other consideration. Trust implications for medical profession. Orle specific understand of targeted duties

106
Q

The Problem of ____________________

Examining and specifying the parent child relationship
Interests of the Parent
Informational vs actionable
Interests of the child and the right to open future
Best interests vs the right to an open future and privacy
Adult Onset vs. Early onset conditions

A

Next Generation Sequencing in Pediatrics

107
Q

The Problem of_______________________
The Nature of the problem of DTC sequencing availability
Are people really able to fully and make informed consent?
Informed consent, autonomy, and DTC Practices
The claims and interests of close relatives
The problem of Profit

A

Direct to consumer sequencing options

108
Q

example of Direct to consumer sequencing options

A

23 and me

109
Q

__________________
Arguments against disclosing: risk and duty of nonmaleficence, costs to broader society, inability to give actual informed consent
Arguments for disclosing: duty of beneficence, avoiding power imbalances between doctor and patient

A

Genome Sequencing:

110
Q

___________________
Results won’t affect treatment plan
Parent Child relationship- and how their interests differ
Right to an open future

A

Pediatric Genome Sequencing

111
Q

_______________: The Study of ethical problems that arise because of recent technological innovations and informal developments in the neurological sciences

A

Neuroethics:

112
Q

he brain is the seat of the _______________________

A

mind/ individual/person.

113
Q

Interventions in the brain this entails additional risks of loss of ___________________________________

A

personhood and associated values in addition to loss of sustenance of physical life

114
Q

Two areas for ethical concern: ______________________________________________

A

clinical and research applications

115
Q

Is it ethical to use this method in the criminal justice system.

A

fMRI can theoretically be used predict personality traits, addiction tendencies, and motivational states, racial and other biases, lie detection

116
Q

Ethical concerns of FMRI

A

Ethical Concerns- would the brain states be privileged or private, will this be misapplied due to technical complexity, is a full mapping even possible or desirable/ accurate,

117
Q

Attention and memory modulators, new drugs with lower side effect profiles, risk/ benefit analysis changed for the healthy

A

Ritalism- treats ADHD- in healthy, focuses attention
Donepezil- treats alzheimer’s, in healthy enhances memory retention
Modafinil- treats narcolepsy and sleep cycle disorders, reduces accidents in healthy, prolongs alertness, pilot

118
Q

Ethical concerns of memory modulators

A

Individual Level worries: Long term side effects and unknown design constraints of the brain, gain without pain is wrong and impossible
Societal Worries: unfair and inequitable access worries- justice concerns raising the standards of normalcy make it indirectly coercive

119
Q

Connecting the brain and the outside world in two directions

A

Monitor brain activity, internally or externally
Interpret and Analyze Signatures/ metal state association
Effect change on the outside world
Example implanted electrode system wirelessly sends messages to robotic prosthetic arm

120
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:

A 
Identity Concerns 
Normality Concerns 
Authority and Autonomy Concerns 
Justice Concerns 
Privacy and Abuse Concerns
121
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:
_______________________
Human/ Machine divide: do the BCI’s become “a part of us?”
Will BCI’s make us feel more or less ourselves? Should that matter?
Does it extend our identity far through physical space if prosthetic is not attached to the body?

A

Identity Concerns

122
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:
______________________:
Can BCI prosthetics raise normalcy standards, iof more accurate/capable?

A

Normality Concerns

123
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:
_____________________________:
Who should we trust, when self reports differ from BCI analysis?
Do we need to worry about loss of control over self? If authority of BCI is eventually dominant?

A

Authority and Autonomy Concerns

124
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:
_________________________:
How to judge responsibility with BCI influence?
Possibility and probability of differential economic access

A

Justice Concerns

125
Q

Ethical concerns of brain computer interfacing:
_______________________ If we are concerned about our bank accounts be hacked we should really be concerned by our thoughts be hacked.

A

Privacy and Abuse Concerns

126
Q

____________________

External signal causes changes in brain state/ function, long history, other system example cardiac pacemaker

A

Neurostimulators

127
Q

Therapeutic uses of neurostimulators

A

Therapeutic Uses
Epilepsy
Chronic pain sensation, depression
Hearing and vision aid

128
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:

A 
Identity Concerns 
Normality Concerns 
Authority and Autonomy Concerns 
Justice Concerns 
Privacy and Abuse Concerns
129
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:
____________________:
Will we feel more or less ourselves

A

Identity Concerns

130
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:
____________________
NS requires judgement about normal state to correct to
Enforces social construction of normality

A

Normality Concerns

131
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:

____________________ are we really in charge of our own actions with Neurstimulators

A

Authority and Autonomy Concerns

132
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:
___________
How to judge responsibility with NS influence?
Possibility and probability of differential economic access

A

Justice Concerns

133
Q

Ethical concerns of Neurostimulators:
___________________
If we are concerned about our bank accounts be hacked we should really be concerned by our actions and ability to be hacked.

A

Privacy and Abuse Concerns

134
Q

___________________: Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cyto architectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders.

A

Brain organoids:

135
Q

Should organoids Be Protected Research Subjects?

A

Physiologically similar to fetal brains
Can be combined with other brain organoids into brain assembloids
Demonstrated responses to basic sensory input
Size and complexity is much less than that of a human brain
No vascularity/ blood supply
Not capable of sentience- but hard to know for sure

136
Q

____________Hybrid Mix of Cells From Two Different Species. Example: Human Heart Grown In Pig

A

Chimaera:

137
Q

Human Brain Tissue Research: Additional Ethical Concerns
Worries About Informed Consent
iPSCs From Subjects With Brain Disorders That Might Already Affect Consent
Procedures Often Explained In Very Broad Terms
Competency and Understanding Worries
Issues Regarding Ownership
Particular Interests In Retaining Rights/Control Over Brain Material

A

Worries About Informed Consent
iPSCs From Subjects With Brain Disorders That Might Already Affect Consent
Procedures Often Explained In Very Broad Terms

Competency and Understanding Worries
Issues Regarding Ownership
Particular Interests In Retaining Rights/Control Over Brain Material

138
Q

The Pig Brain Partial-Revival Study: Background

A

The BrainEx Partial-Revival Pig Brain Study (Yale – Nature – 2019)
Pig Brains Partially “Revived” Four Hours After Death
BrainEx System of Nutritive Solution Supplied By Pumps
Limited Cellular Function Restored
No Consciousness or Sentience Detected, But Deliberately Prevented
Possible Technical Extensions of Study Still Unknown

139
Q

Ethical Implications for Animals as Research Subjects

A

Animal Research Ethical Issues:
Additional Protections After Death/For Livestock
Preferred Species/Animal Types (Avoid Mammals?)
Need for Better Indicators of Consciousness (EEG/TMS/fMRI)
Mandatory Anesthetic Use
Determinate Period of Study Length
Human Research Ethical Issues:
The Moral Status of Disembodied Human Brains
Brain Death Definition
Informed Consent Requirements for Organ Donors
Regulation of Decoded Neural Info From Resuscitated Brains

140
Q

_____________________
Science is coming close to the ability to reviving pig brains, which is close to a human brain.
Is science coming close to reversing death?

A

Partially Revived Pig Brain

141
Q

_______________________
People convicted of a crime- can we compel them to take antidepressants.
Are these convicts loosing their autonomy? Is an anger management class a better option.

A

Central Nervous System Intervention

142
Q

_________________
Cohesion of people who would not normally consider it. Those who refuse cognitive enhancement drugs feel at a disadvantage
Should we as a society encourage individuals to be the best version of themselves
Brain Computer Intervention

A

Cognitive Enhancement

MCDB 60- Bio Ethics (3 decks)

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