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Bisc 308 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Recent studies show presence of pesticides in human blood. What are the concentrations and what is the kind of pesticide?

A

2-5 ug/L in human blood for DDE

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2
Q

List 6 Federal Legislations for Managing Pesticides

A
  • Pest Control Act
  • Food and Drug Act
  • Canadian Environmental Protection Act
  • Fisheries Act
  • Migratory Birds Convention Act
  • Species at Risk Act
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3
Q

List 2 Provincial or Territorial Legislations for Managing Pesticides

A
  • Pesticide acts and associated regulations

- Drinking water legislation

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4
Q

What are the Municipal legislations for Managing Pesticides

A

Municipal pesticide by-laws

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5
Q

Define Pesticide with examples

A

Any substance/mixture of substances used to destroy, suppress, or alter the life cycle of any pest.

May be naturally derived or synthetically produced.
May also be an organism (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis, genetically modified corn…)

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6
Q

Most Common Types of Pesticides Include

A

Bactericides, fungicides, herbicies, insecticides, rodenticides

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7
Q

Define Systemic Insecticide

A

Translocated through growing plants

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8
Q

Define Neurotoxic

A

Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor antagonist. Toxic to nerve tissue.

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9
Q

Characteristics of Imidacloprid

A

Bayer Crop Science
Half life: 30-162 days
Soil: 1-2 years
Octanol water partition coefficient (log Kow): 0.57
Highly water soluble 610 mg/L at 20 degrees

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10
Q

Neonicotinoid Mode of Action

A

Binds to nAChR in postsynaptic neuron (normally scetylcholine binds to and degraded by acetyl choline esterase) but nAChR not irreversibly bound.

Acts as false neurotransmitters

Causes continuous activation of receptor leading to symptoms of neurotoxicity

Also include carcinogens like silica and napthalene

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11
Q

Acute toxicity testing does not detect delayed toxicity yet the environmental guideline rely heavily on _________ toxicity test data during ____________ process

A

Acute ; derivation

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12
Q

Factors in the Reptile Extinction Rate

A

Heavy use of pesticides, urbanization and climate change

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13
Q

Wetlands in Canada are deteriorating because…

A

Increased anthropogenic effects: expansion and intensification of agricultural areas (chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution, sedimentation and loss of vegetation)

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14
Q

Lab species in standard toxicity tests are not always the most sensitive to neonicotinoids. Why is this important?

A

Wide range of differences in sensitivities between invertebrate taxa and environmental quality guidelines are based on data for lab species; do not accurately reflect the toxicity in animals that may be impacted in the real world

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15
Q

Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSDs)

A

More useful for deriving environmental qquality guidelines.

Models of the VARIATION in SENSITIVITY of species to a particular stressor and are generated by fitting a statistical function to the proportion of species affectes as a FUNCTION of toxicant conc or dose

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16
Q

What is the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the protection of aquatic life (CCME)

A

0.23 ug/L

17
Q

3 Basic Components of the Endocrine System

A
  1. Endocrine Gland (like the hypothalamus) which secretes hormones and effects distal targets
  2. Hormone which is the chemical product and is released upon stimulation
  3. Target Organ (like ova or testes) which expressed the hormone-specific receptors and shows biological responses
18
Q

Pathway of Hormones

A

Hypothalamus -> Pituitary -> Parathyroids -> Thyroids -> Adrenals ->Pancreas -> Ovaries/Testes

19
Q

In depth hormone pathway

A

Higher brain centers -> Hypothalamus -> Thyroid Releasing Hormone -> Pituitary -> Thyroid Stimulating Hormone -> Thyroid -> T4, T3 -> Target Issues

20
Q

Examples of Hormones that control Major Physiological Processes

A

Thyroid Endocrine Axis: Regulates development/differentiation

Neurons, muscle and Sertoli cells: metabolism and growth

21
Q

What is an Endocrine Disrupting Substance?

A

Exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an INTACT organism, its progeny, or (sub)populations.

(In vitro not enough evidence to deem something an eds!!!)

22
Q

Characteristics of EDS

A

Effects at low concentrations (pg/L-ng/L)
Mixtures can produce additive effects at individually negligible concentrations

Early life exposure may cause irreversible effects like organ development
Exposure during reproductive endocrine processes affect population (sperm/egg production or maturation…)

23
Q

What is Biotransformation?

A

The sum of the chemical reactions that occur within the body to alter the structure of a xenobiotic/endogenous compound, carried out by enzyme systems.

It converts xenobiotics into more hydrophilic, less toxic forms; decreasing intracellular concentration via excretion.

24
Q

2 ways Toxicity can be Affected

A

Detoxification (conversion into a less toxic form)

Bioactivation (conversion into a more toxic form)

25
Q

Integration of 2 phases of Xenobiotic Biotransformation Reactions

A

Phase 1: Makes xenobiotic more polar for excretion via oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis.

Phase 2: Adds another chemical for synthesis and conjugation. Xenobiotic becomes very polar and more water soluble.

Elimination

26
Q

List 4 possible causes for the Fraser River Sockeye decline

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Fishing pressures
  3. Habitat destruction
  4. Disease/parasites
27
Q

2 possible fates of a planted seed that has been treated with Neonics

A
  1. Plant uptake (systemic insecticide)

2. Taken up by other animals that eat the seed

28
Q

What does it mean “neonicotinoids irreversibly bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors”?

A

Acetylcholinesterase cannot break down neonics in the receiving neuron; therefore, the receptor is blocked

29
Q

Toxicity Modifying Factor

A

When toxicity of a substance is affected by some environmental, chemical or biological factor(s)

30
Q

Outdoor pond mesocosm experiment to investigate the individual and interactive effects of _______, ________, ________ on FRESHWATER community structure and ecosystem functioning

A

Nutrients
Fine Sediments
Imidacloprid

31
Q

Endpoints Measured for Ecosystem Function

A
  1. Net Ecosystem Production/ Metabolism (gross prim prod- community resp): estimate DO conc
  2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (decay of matter)
  3. Organic Matter Decomposition Rate (measure leaf litter mass)
32
Q

Species Richness

A

of different species in a population

Bisc 308 (2 decks)

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