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Kin 158 Biomechanics Lecture > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is tissue mechanics

A

mechanics of materials of human connective tissue

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2
Q

human connective tissue

A

bones
ligaments
cartilage
tendons

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3
Q

load

A

an externally applied force

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4
Q

what does the respond of an object to a load depend on

A 
magnitude
location
direction
duration
frequency
variability
rate
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5
Q

types of load

A 
axial (tension, compression)
bending
shear
torsion
combined loading
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6
Q

axial force - compression

A

push or squash molecules of a material otgether

deformation by shortening

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7
Q

what is compression/tension response proportional to

A

body´s cross sectional area

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8
Q

axial force - tension

A

pull apart object´s molecules

deformation by stretchng or elongating

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9
Q

shear

A

transverse force

force that causes one part of body to move parallel past another part

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10
Q

what can shear loading lead to

A

on skin - blisters

on tibia and femur - tension in ligaments

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11
Q

torsion

A

rotational load
twisting around axis
depends on distribution of material around axis

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12
Q

bending

A

compression on one side
tension on the other side
loading applied perpendicular to longitudinal axis

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13
Q

what determines the effects of bending on the body

A

cross sectional area
distribution of material
length of the body

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14
Q

what causes injury

A

load > tissue tolerance

load > tissue strength

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15
Q

biological material quantitiy

A

size -> amount of material distribution

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16
Q

bilogical material quality

A

ingredients of the tissue

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17
Q

factors affecting tissue strength

A

material
amount of tissue
distribution of tissue

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18
Q

what is distribution of tissue

A

how tissue is soread

area of moment of inertia - a measure of a body´s resistance to bending

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19
Q

tissue tolerance

A

relationship between load imposed (external force) and the amount of deformation (internal reaction) of material

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20
Q

load deformarion

A

effects of load on different tissue sizes and materials

chnage of shape of tissue

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21
Q

stress strain

A

stress = load/size
effects of stress on material and tissue
change in length normalized to original length

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22
Q

stress

A

property of object under pressure
force over small area will cause larger stress
e.g. tennis shoes vs. spike heels

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23
Q

unit of stress

A

N/mm(squared)

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24
Q

relation of load/stress on vertebrae

A

load: increases from cervical -> lumbar
stress: decreases from cervical -> lumbar

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25
Q

descriptors of strength

A 
ultimate strength
yield point
stiffness
deformation
energy
failure point
ductility
brittleness
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26
Q

different types of injury

A

acute load injury
repretitive load injury
prolonged load injury

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27
Q

what factors contribute to injury

A 
age
gender
genetics
physical condition
fatigue
environment
...
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28
Q

stiffness

A

relates load and deformation

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29
Q

elastic region

A

no permanent change in tissue
recovers all energy
used to deform tissue

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30
Q

plastic region

A

energy used to permanently change the shape of the tissue

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31
Q

yield strength

A

load/stress at which plastic deformation begins

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32
Q

ultimate strength

A

max load/stress

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33
Q

fracture strength

A

load/stress at point of fracture

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34
Q

ductility

A

amount of strain material can undergo before fatigue

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35
Q

brittleness

A

minimal (no plastic) deformation of tissue

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36
Q

toughness/energy under the curve

A

work required to produce deformation

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37
Q

types of bones

A 
cortical bone (solid)
trabecular bone (has holes)
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38
Q

bone mass over time

A

males have greater peak bone mass
males have greater rate of gain for BMC
females have decrease in bone mass around menopause age 45-60

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39
Q

bone cells

A

osteoblasts - bone formation
osteoclasts - take away of old damaged bone
osteocytes - mature osteoblasts during formation

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40
Q

steps of bone formation

A

activation
resorption
reversal
formation

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41
Q

exercise for bone strengthening

A

weight bearing activities
short duration
mderate to intense magnitude
long rest periods

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42
Q

why is summer good for bones

A

increase in vitamin D

more physical activity

43
Q

bone content

A

65% inorganic substance (clacium)

35% organic substance (collagen)

44
Q

responsibility of calcium in bones

A

many functions
heartbeat
conducting nerve impulse
muscle contraction

45
Q

parts of female athlete triad

A

low energy availability/disordered eating
bone loss/osteoporosis
menstrual disturbances/Amenorrhea

46
Q

areas of bone cross section

A 
periosteal merimeter
endocortical perimeter
endocorticol perimeter
total area
cortical bone area
periosteal diameter
endocortical diameter
47
Q

law of inertia in angular kinetics

A

body remains at rest or constant anular velocity around an axis of rotation unless external torque changes its state

48
Q

mass moment of inertia (I)

A

body´s resistance to a change in angular velocity

49
Q

what does the mass moment of inertia (I)depend on

A

mass and distribution

50
Q

in what unit does the mass moment of inertia get measured

A

kgm(squared)

51
Q

claculation of mass moment of inertia (I)

A

I = m r(squared)

52
Q

law of acceleration in angular kinetics

A

angular acceleration of body is directly proportional to the torque causing it
takes place in same rotary direction as torque acts
inversely proportional to mass moment of inertia of the body

53
Q

torque in angular kinetics

A

torque = mass moment of inertia x angular acceleration

will cause acceleration of body around axis of rotation

54
Q

angular momentum -> rotating disk (extended object)

A

L = I x angular velocity

55
Q

angular momentum tether ball (pointy object)

A

angular momentum = radius x linear velocity

L = r x p (linear momentum m x linear velocity)

56
Q

conservation of angular momentum

A

when gravity is only force acting on object, angular momentum will stay the same even if radius of object changes

57
Q

maximal efort

A

range of motion

speed of motion

58
Q

hat is maximla performance a reult of

A

max effort
summation of joint torques
continuity of joint torques (usage of kinetic link principle)

59
Q

goal of the kinetic link principle

A

achieve max angular velocity of distal segment

60
Q

what does the kinetic link principle say

A

beginning movement with large segments, smaller segments initiate contraction at the point of maximal angular velocity and zero angular acceleration
timing is important
taking torque of one joint into movement of another joint

61
Q

angular impulse to momentum relationship

A

angular impulse = angular momentum

T x delta t = I x angular velocity

62
Q

law of action reaction in angular kinetics

A

for every torque there is a equal and opposite directed torque

63
Q

what kind of objects experience centripedal force

A

any that move in circular path

includes forces that push or pull objects towards center of circle

64
Q

centripedal force

A

describes direction of force

alters the direction of the object without altering its speed

65
Q

what can a muscle tendon complex act at as

A

motor, brake, rubber-band, strut

66
Q

phases of a jump

A

propulsive phase
braking phase
both phases are on the ground

67
Q

propulsive phase

A

upward phase

from initiation of upward movement to the instant of takeoff

68
Q

braking phase

A

downward phase from the instant of landing to the max dorsiflexion

69
Q

concentric contraction in upward phase of a jump

A

MTC develops greater force than external force
muscle shortens
force and displacement same direction, MTC - positive work
MTC increases energy of skeletal system
MTC acts as energy source or motor

70
Q

eccentric contraction in downward phase of a jump

A

MTC develops less forc ethan external force
muscle lenghtens
force and displacement opposite directions
body is losing energy
MTC acting brake, absorbing the energy

71
Q

what is a stretch shortening cycle (SSC)

A

an eccentric contraction followed by an immediate concentric contraction of a muscle

72
Q

Isometric contraction

A 
motion
MTC develops equal force to external force
muscle length does not change
no displacement -> no work
MTC acts as a stabilizer
73
Q

functional unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

74
Q

what does sarcomere include

A 
contractile protein (actin, myosin)
non-contractile protein (titin and desmin)
75
Q

resting length of sarcomere

A

2 micrometer

from z line to z line

76
Q

muscle structure

A

acting myosin are myofilaments -> myofilaments active parts of sarcomere -> string of sarcomere = myofibril ->multiple myofibril = muscle fiber -> group of muscle fiber = fasicle -> group of fasculi = muscle belly

77
Q

titin and desmin

A

in sarcomere

a series of elastic components (SEC)

78
Q

extracellular connective tissue (PEC)

A 
made of collagen and elastin
endomysium wraps one muscle fiber
perimysium wraps one fascicle
epimysium wraps muscle belly
parallel elastic components (PEC)
continous with tendons on both ends
79
Q

elastic property of PEC and SEC

A

provide force only when stretched

force transmitted to bone

80
Q

viscous prperty of PEC and SEC

A

increased velocity of stretch increases the passive force produced

81
Q

when do non-contractile (passive) components develop tension

A

when muscle is lengthended beyond resting length

82
Q

theory for muscle as brake - eccentric contraction

A

titin increases stiffness -> contributes to force production as muscle lengthens
small contribution from elastic elements of cross bridges

83
Q

theory of muscle as a strut - isometric contraction

A

muscle shortens, tendon lengthens

greatest isometric force as mid range of muscle length

84
Q

load-deformation relationship in non-contractile components

A

linear

85
Q

interaction of muscle and tendon

A

independently
can work in different directions or velocities
short tendons work at same displacement and velocity as muscle

86
Q

what does the force produced in a muscle depend on

A 
# of cross bridges formed
length of muscle
87
Q

what does the ability to form cross bridges depend on

A

muscle length
too long -> actin is out of range
too short -> overlapping, less force to produce

88
Q

when does passive tension contribute to force production

A

only when muscle is stretched beyond resting length

89
Q

what oes the combination of active and passive tension allow

A

large range of muscle forces over a wide range of muscle length

90
Q

active indufficiency of two joint muscles

A

muscle force is limited due to short length (length tension curve)

91
Q

passive insuffiviency of two joint muscle

A

A muscle will limit range of motion at a joint because it is over-stretched over two joints

92
Q

force velocity curve/relationship

A

max force during high eccentric velocity
lowest force during high concentric velocity
medium force during isometric contraction

93
Q

power

A

force x velocity

peak at intermediate velocity

94
Q

muscle actions

A 
agonist
antagoinst
synergist
stabilizer
neutralizer
isokinetic
isotonic
95
Q

agonist

A

prime mover

muscle that produces motion

96
Q

antagonist

A

opposite of motion creating

get stretched

97
Q

synergist

A

muscle that work together to produce motion

when working alone they produce different motion

98
Q

stabilizer

A

muscles that support movement

99
Q

neutralizer

A

shoulder extensor neutralizes biceps shoulder flexion during biceps curl

100
Q

isokinetic muscle action

A

constant velocity of contraction

concentric and eccentric contraction

101
Q

isotonic muscle action

A

constant load throughout contraction
free weights
torque changes throughout motion

102
Q

what does bone remodeling include

A

bone formationa nd bone resorption

103
Q

what does bone modeling refer to

A

large changes in bone during normal growth

104
Q

one thing we can do to combat female athlete triad

A

balanced diet - including calcium and enough energy for growing active athlete
provide enough rest periods

Kin 158 Biomechanics Lecture (3 decks)

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