Midterm 2 Flashcards
How is phantom limb syndrome thought to be associated with the brain?
- Feeling of a limb that has been amputated
- Section for hand and cheek are close on the sensory cortex. leading to feelings on the cheeks that could be felt on the hand
How is unilateral neglect thought to be associated with the brain?
-Loss of attention to one side of space opposite side of the brain
Who was Phineas Gage and what happened to him?
- Rod shot through his head and did not kill him -Still had consciousness
- Lost his ability to solve problems. lost vision in left eye, acted like a kid and lost his old self
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
- Sensation: activation of the receptors
- Perception: method by which the sensation are organized and interrupted
What is a subliminal message and what does the research suggest about plausibility of them to influence behavior
-Subliminal Messages: a stimulus that is found below the threshold
What is the difference between an absolute threshold and just noticeable difference?
- Absolute Threshold: weakest stimulation of the sense that is detected 50% of time when presented
- Just Noticeable difference: Smallest change between multiple stimuli that is perceived 50% of the time
How might someone test for an absolute threshold? Just noticeable difference?
- AT: Play a sound at a level and test how many times the patients hears the sound
- JND: change the brightness by a small increment and test how many people see the difference
Can you explain Weber’s law using examples?
- Weber’s Law: Always a constant percentage change rather than a constant amount change
- Sound increases by 10% each time you increase the volume one increment
What are the differences between habituation and sensory adaptation?
- Habituation: the brain stops attending to constant, unchanging auditory stimuli
- Sensory Adaptation- sensory receptors become less responsive with time when exposed to constant non- auditory sensory stimuli (biological)
Why is paying attention important for perceiving stimuli?
-Ground and Figure?
Why is there a blind spot at the back of the retina?
-Lack of photo receptors where the optic nerve is
What are the three layers of the retina?
- Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- Bipolar Cells
- Ganglion Cells
Compare and contrast the major differences between rods and cones?
- Rods help you see black and white, more rods then cons, periphery, scotopic vision
- Cones help you see color, located centrally, photopic vision
What is the visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex?
-Optic Nerve –> Optic Chiasm –> visual area of the thalamus –> Visual Cortex
What is meant by contralateral processing? Parallel Processing?
-Parallele Processing breaks down what we see in different parts sime
What is the difference between ventral and dorsal visual streams?
- Ventral Stream: what we’re looking at (Visual Cortex –> Temporal Lobe) Dmg here can lead to prosopagnosia
- Dorsal Stream: where it is located, (Visual Cortex –> Parietal Lobe), Dmg here can lead to loss of depth perception
What is the difference between additive and subtractive coloring?
- Subtractive Coloring: removing wavelengths of light being reflected, such as when you mix colored paints
- Additive Coloring: Increasing wavelengths of light being reflected form the surface with mixing colored lights
Can you explain the trichromatic theory and how it relates to translating color vision?
- Color vision is based on three photopigments: red, green, blue -3 different photoreceptors are used for each wavelengths
- Describes processing at the retinal level but not cortical
- We have 3 diff cones (For Blue, Green, and Red) other colors are interpreted by using a mixture of the three cones
Why do afterimages demonstrate that the trichromatic theory can’t completely explain color vision?
-?
Can you explain the opponent processing theory and what it says about color vision?
- Colors arranged in specific antagonist pairs (Blue and Yellow or Red and Green)
- These colors that are paired are specialized by the same cones
- Explains color processing on the cortical lane
How can the trichromatic theory and opponent processing theory both be correct when it comes to color vision?
-When looking at cones. trichromatic is right, when looking elsewhere opponent processing is right
What are some of the signs of sleep deprivation?
-Memory, Reaction Time, Decision Making, Impulse Control, Concentration, Stress. Weight Gain, Emotional Volatility, Immune System
How long can we go without sleep and who were Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner?
- Longest 11 days -Peter Tripp went for 8 days, and had long term damage
- Randy Gardner went for 11 days but had no long term damage
What is the Evolution theory of why we sleep?
-Preservation Theory: Animals evolved sleep patterns based on predatory/prey designations and how well they could escape being killed by other animals
What is the developmental theory’s explanation on why we sleep?
-?
What is the developmental phase shift or preference of sleep in adolescences?
-Our body produced melatonin (helps us fall asleep), melatonin has a peak point in the evening, the peak point will shift later to 3 hours later, so the body is telling you that your body is tired 3 hours later. We will not be awake, alert until later in the day.
What is the biological theory’s explanation of why we sleep?
-Maturation Theory: Sleep provides our body with unique period of time to focus on growing
What is the cognitive theory’s explanation of why we sleep?
-Memory Sorage Theory: Sleep provies the opportunity to effectively organize our memories and experiences from the day
=Resorative Theory: Sleep provies a time for the body to restore, seplenish and rebuild the brain and body, which the day’s waking actives may have worn out
How long is a circadian rhythm and what are some examples?
-24 Hour bodily cycle in the biological system -Hormone Levels
What is the purpose of zeitgebers?
- Cues to help entrain our rhythms
- Sunlight, Clock, Temp, Food/Hunger
What happened when scientists put participants on a free running cycle?
-Patients go on a 27 or 28 hour cycle
What area of the brain is thought to be the biological wristwatch of the brain?
-Suprachiasmatic Nuclease
What are the three main components of a polysomnograph?
- Left Eye Movment
- Right Eye Movements
- EMG (muscle tension)
- EEG (brain Waves)
Which sleep stages are associated with beta, alpha, delta, and theta waves?
- Beta (smaller/faster): wakeful activities and engages state
- Aplha waves (larger/slower): brain waves displayed in a relaxes or lightly . sleeping state
- Theta waves are introduces in N1 (light sleep)
- Delta waves are in N3 (deep sleep)
How do the various stages (N1, N2, N3 and REM sleep) progress through the night?
-N1,N2,N3 decrease and REM increases
Why is REM sleep often referred to paradoxical sleep?
-Polysomnograph demonstrates a wakeful pattern
What is the difference between parasomnias and dysomnias?
- Parasominas: sleep difficulties where the main symptom is associated with a specific stage of sleep
- Dysomnias: not a sleep disorder, just a category. Sleep latency and sleep continuity
What are the major features of insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy?
- Insomnia: difficulties with initiating and or maintaining sleep
- Sleep Apnea: Intermittent periods of suffocation during sleep, leading to continual interruptions of deep sleep
- Narcolepsy: excessive sleepiness
How are nightmares different than night terrors?
-Nightmare could be sleep disorder if causing distress and psychological trauma Night terror: screaming, fast heart rate, tend not to remember
What are somnambulisms, somniloques, and REM behavior disorder?
- Somnilques: fragmented nonsenscial sleep talking, most lightly to cocur in light sleep
- Somnambulisms: sleep-walking typically occurs in deep sleep and earlier developmentally
- Rem heavior disorder: failure to inhibit musvles during REM sleep, typically occurs later developmentaly
What is Freud’s explanation of why we dream?
- Psychoanalytic
- Dreams provide a mental sketchpad to play out our deepest desires and fears
- Manifest Content: reflects the dream itself, what they do and how you feel
- Latent Content: underlying true meaning of the dream hidden underneath the manifest content
Why do we dream according to the cognitive theory and the AIM theory?
- Cognitive Theory: dreams provide the context to try and problem solve current issues in our lives
- AIM: dreams reflect the brain trying to make sense of random firing of sensory brain areas during sleep
What is classical conditioning and who discovered it?
-Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where an organism comes to create associations between multiple stimuli -Ivan Pavlov
What is the terminology used in classical conditioning to explain learning?
- Unconditioned Stimulus: something that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed
- Unconditioned Response: The involuntary response elicited by the stimulus in without any learning needed
- Conditioned Stimulus: An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned Response: The response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus: it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
-Generalization: A new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response similar to CR
What are extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
- Extinction: Weakening of the relationship between the CR and the CS by continual presentation of the CS alone
- Spontaneous Recovery: CR recurring after a time delay
Who was John Watson and what did he do with Little Albert?
- Watson used classical conditioning to create a fear of a white rat in 11 month old Little Albert
- Alberts fear of white rat was generalized to other similar looking objects such as a fuzzy white coat, white furry dog, etc.
How could researches have removed the conditioned phobia in Little Albert’s Case?
-Extinction or Counter-Conditioning
What was John Garcia’s study on conditioned taste aversion and how does it relate to real-life experiences of food poisoning?
-Rats, Radiation, and Sweet Water -Eat burrito, get sick, hate all Mexican food
What is learned helplessness and why does it occur?
- Learned helplessness:tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
- Classical Conditioning
Who was Edward Thorndike and what was his main contribution to learning?
-Taught Operant Conditioning with cats, cage, trap door, and food
What is the difference between classical condition and operant conditioning?
-Operant conditioning is changes in conscious and voluntary decisions based on experienced consequences
What is the difference between a reinforcement and punishment in operant conditions?
- Reinforcement: The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens increases the probability of the response that it follows
- Punishment: The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows
How are positive and negative reinforcements different from one another?
- Positive: Getting something (reinforcement: money for grades, punishment: getting yelled at for something u did)
- Negative: Removing something (reinforcement: removing headache, punishment: if you do this I will take away something you like)
